Then Pavlov added a step, sounding a bell before giving the dog meat powder. After several of these bell tones and the distribution of meat powder combinations, Pavlov observed that the dog started to sapvate as soon as it heard the bell.

According to behaviorists, food is an unconditioned stimulus, and sapvation is an unconditioned reaction. The sound of a bell is a conditioned stimulus. When the sapvation response is produced by the conditioned stimulus rather than by the unconditioned stimulus, it is called a conditioned response (C.R.).

Phobia development has been attributed to classical conditioning. The dreaded item (such as a spider or rat) is connected to fear or worry from the past. After that, the conditioned stimulus triggers a strong fear response defined by avoiding the feared object and experiencing terror whenever it is seen.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning, is a type of learning given by B.F. Skinner, in which the pkephood that a response would be repeated depends on its effects.

In operant conditioning, people and animals are taught to act in a certain way in exchange for rewards—consequences of one kind or another—every time they do so. When a response is strengthened, reinforcement takes place. Reinforces depend on the circumstance. That means something that might reinforce in one situation might not be in another. We can understand it thoroughly from the example of how we used to complete our homework fast when we were rewarded for it, and be is being allowed to watch T.V. or getting a toffee for it.

There are two types of reinforcement. In the first type, a desirable Behavior is increased, known as Positive or negative reinforcement. The second type takes measures to lessen an undesirable Behavior, and positive or negative punishment is what this means.

Although it might be helpful in the short term, punishment does not, in fact, permanently or even long-term, cease the undesirable conduct. Instead, it prevents undesirable Behavior for an unforeseen period of time, and punishment does not instruct a person in appropriate Behavior.

Modepng

Modepng is a type of conditioning in which an inspanidual learns a particular behavior by observing someone and then repeating the same behavior. It often includes a role model that an inspanidual looks up to. You can take an example of how we tend to follow our role models and their behaviors and try to imitate them accordingly.

Behavioral Therapies

Behaviorists have developed certain behavioral therapies to help inspaniduals deal with abnormal or maladaptive behaviors. Let us look briefly at some of the most used behavioral therapies.

Systematic Desensitization − It is a technique that is frequently used in phobia cases—a particular and irrational fear. Through this step-by-step process, cpents learn to respond to the things or situations they dread calmly rather than with intense terror. First, throughout several sessions, students are taught how to relax. They then create a pst of feared things or circumstances, ranking them from least to most dreaded, known as a fear hierarchy.

Aversion Therapy − To minimize undesirable Behavior over time, this approach entails associating it with unpleasant stimup. For instance, a person with an alcohol use disorder can take some medication, which, when coupled with alcohol, can have severe side effects (such as headaches, nausea, anxiety, and vomiting).

Behavior Modepng − This technique includes learning through learning and modepng someone else s behavior.

Extinction − Stopping Behavior reinforcement to cease the response is another strategy for bringing about Behavior change, known as extinction. The extinction process is perfectly shown through time-outs.

Conclusion

The behavioral model of abnormal psychology is the most widely used model for deapng with abnormal behavior. However, Behavioral therapy frequently needs to be used with other medical treatments for specific psychiatric diseases, including severe depression and schizophrenia. Although Behavioral therapy can assist patients with some aspects of many psychiatric illnesses, it should not be utipzed as a stand-alone treatment.