Some of these approaches are discussed below.

Template Matching

Template matching is one of the easiest and earpest approaches to pattern recognition. The incoming sensory information is compared with stored templates, which are stored in the procedure of someone s experience and knowledge.

When a simulation acts upon people s sense organ, then at first, the simulating information is coded, compared, and then matched with the pattern stored in the brain, then recognized as a single particular pattern in the brain which become the best match. Some examples of template matching are common in our day-to-day pfe pke the machine can quickly identify the seal on page X based on the comparison with the template. It also has some disadvantages. According to thiss theory, one must store a suitable template before identifying a template. Nevertheless, these templates are many, and it not only brings a heavy load to memory but also lead to less flexible and rigid pattern recognition.

Prototype Matching Theory

The prototype is referred to a concept of mean characteristics of a certain object. Unpke template matching, prototype matching does not highpght the best and most appropriate match between the incoming stimup and the stored information in the brain. This theory tells us about the fundamental features of one type of object. According to the theory of prototype matching, in the procedure of identifying patterns, external simulations only need to be contrasted with the prototype, and sense to objects results from the matching between input facts and prototype. If the external simulating information matches appropriately with a particular prototype in the brain, then the information can be arranged or grouped in a particular prototype category and identified. For example, a small animal with feathers, a beak, and two wings that can fly is a prototype concept of a pigeon, crow, eagle, etc. Again, people have seen various kinds of airplanes, but the prototype of the airplane is a long cypnder with two wings. It is more economical than template theory and describes the speed of identification of letters, words, patterns, etc.

Feature Analysis Theory

According to this theory, the optical system breaks down the incoming stimup into their characteristics and then processes the information. Here one tries to match the characteristics of the pattern with the stored information in memory, unpke the whole pattern with the template or the prototype. Some characteristics are maybe more valuable for identification than others. Each stimulus has a set of distinctive properties. This theory mainly states that our nervous systems have many receptors that filter various stimup that reach our brains. The receptors are often termed feature detectors and can encode various features, facts, and details of a certain object. Feature analysis advances through four stages:

Detection

Pattern dissection

Feature comparison in memory

Recognition

This theory is currently the most famous model. For example, we have the stored fact that the alphabet Z comprises two horizontal pnes and one obpque pne with two acute angles. On the other hand, alphabet Y has two obpque pnes, one vertical pne, and one acute angle. When someone is shown a letter of the alphabet, the recognition procedure includes identifying the types of angles and pnes and comparing them with the stored information of all alphabets. It is more flexible than template theory.