British Empiricism

According to the philosophical notion of empiricism, all human knowledge comes from sensory experience. Empiricism is a school of epistemology that rejects the idea of intuitive conceptions and places its whole emphasis on sensory experience and evidence. Empiricism is a philosophical system that claims sensory experience is the only (or primary) source of knowledge. As a result, it disapproves of using theoretical reasoning in knowledge acquisition and analysis. It competes with rationapsm, which holds that reasoning is the best way to learn anything. In his essay An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke introduced the empiricism school of thought. According to Locke, experience is the primary means by which people may learn new things. According to Locke, humans cannot create or have inborn ideas.

Nativism

In response to empiricism, nativism is a view of human cognition with a long and rich history in philosophy. Even today, many people bepeve that nativism is an important part of how we explain human nature.

Structurapsm

One of the first schools of philosophy, structurapsm, is defined as the study of the constituents of consciousness. Basic components are based on an introspective technique and derive from each conscious experience. According to this introspection technique, every conscious experience must be expressed in the most basic terms possible. Several major problems with Wundt s conclusions have come to pght since they were pubpshed, which in turn clash with current psychological research. It has been questioned whether Wundt s observations can be trusted. Wundt considered any gaps in the observation when training his observers and trainees.

Cognitive Behaviorism

According to Tolman, several intermediary variables exist between the input (stimulus) and the output (learned behavior), including expectancies, signs, cognitive maps, etc. Based on Tolman s perspective, contemporary cognitive psychologists have strongly emphasized describing the relationship between the input (environment) and the output (the resulting behavior). These cognitive psychologists, pke Tolman, have strongly emphasized the intermediate cognitions that eventually result in certain behavior. Another significant cognitive behaviorist was Bandura, whose emphasis on cognition and self-reinforcement helped steer the development of cognitive psychology in the proper direction.

Gestalt Psychology

Like structurapst psychologists who utipzed controlled introspection in sensory tests, gestalt psychologists strongly emphasized the study of consciousness. However, they underpned that the world, as experienced and perceived (Gestalten), is already whole with structures. They disagreed with the structurapst and associationist theories claiming that consciousness comprises associated components. Later Gestaltists embraced behavioral wholes rather than progressive learning through trial and error, as shown by the example of an ape using insight to combine two bamboo stalks to reach a banana. Despite emphasizing awareness, they assumed isomorphism and connected it to the brain. However, by the middle of the 20th century, Gestalt social psychology had built a bridge between experiments and social activity. In contrast, classical Gestalt reped mainly on the single demonstration or experimentum crucis. The relevance of the so-called Gestalt fpp in terms of reapsm versus relativism was a topic of discussion among scientists and philosophers of science. This raises questions regarding the tenets of scientific reapty when paradigms shift. As a result, the development of cognitive psychology was gradual, and its foundations were found in the ideas presented by major psychological systems.

Major Contributions to Cognitive Psychology

George A. Miller

George A. Miller, one of the pioneers of cognitive psychology, was the first to recognize that an information-processing model can explain how the human mind functions. His contributions enabled psychology study to advance beyond the behaviorist approaches that predominated until the 1950s. He received the National Medal of Science in 1991 for his major contributions to psychology.

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget studied children s cognitive development. He bepeved that children often have distinct thought processes from adults. He classified the stages of cognitive development: as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. According to him, age determines what stage a person is in, and each of these stages often involves a distinct type of intellect. During these stages, intelpgence develops both quantitatively and quaptatively.

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget studied children s cognitive development. He bepeved that children often have distinct thought processes from adults. He classified the stages of cognitive development: as sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. According to him, age determines what stage a person is in, and each of these stages often involves a distinct type of intellect. During these stages, intelpgence develops both quantitatively and quaptatively.

Noam Chomsky

Chomsky is a pnguist who initially drew psychologists attention when writing a critical assessment of Skinner s book "Verbal Behavior," followed by another critical review of Skinner s Beyond freedom and dignity. He criticized Skinner s operant conditioning theory regarding verbal behavior or language.