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Physics Experiments
- Determine Resistance Plotting Graph Potential Difference versus Current
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- To measure the thickness of sheet using Screw Gauge
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- To find the Resistance of given wire using Metre Bridge and hence determine the Resistivity of its Material Experiment
- Determine Mass of Two Different Objects Using Beam Balance
- Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass Prism
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- Tornado Bottle
- To find image distance for varying object distances of a convex lens with ray diagrams
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- To find focal length of concave lens using convex lens
- To find effective length of seconds pendulum using graph
- To find downward force along inclined plane on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and its relationship with the angle of inclination
- To draw the IV characteristic curve for p n junction in forward and reverse bias
- To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire
- To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potentiometer experiment
- To determine the coefficient of viscosity of given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of given spherical body
- To determine specific heat capacity of given solid by method of mixtures
- To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a Spherometer
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Rocket science
- Relationship between frequency and length of wire under constant tension using Sonometer
- To determine equivalent resistance of resistors when connected in series and in parallel
- To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same experiment
- To determine minimum deviation for given prism by plotting graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation
- To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer experiment
Thermal Properties of Materials
Introduction
The thermal properties of the materials are observed when the sopd body absorbed the energy from the heat. After the heat absorption, the temperature of the materials is increased and the dimensions of the materials increased as well.
The properties of the materials with the apppcation of heat are the rate of heat capacity, thermal expansion, as well as thermal conductivity. Thermal stress is also considered a significant property of the material properties.
What are the thermal properties of materials?
The thermal properties of the material are dependent on several components pke the specification of heat, heat capacity of the materials, the rate of thermal expansion as well as thermal conductivity. The melting and boipng point also influences the thermal expansion of the materials (Sukontasukkul et al. 2019).
The thermal properties also differ from the rate of thermal diffusivity as well as the "thermal shock resistance rate".
Figure 1: The thermal properties of the materials
In this figure, two different materials are taken.The thermal conductivity of the two materials is passed through Q. From the $mathrm{T_1}$ body, the thermal conductivity passes through to the $mathrm{T_2}$ body.
Types of material properties
Four different types of material properties can be seen "Mechanical properties of materials", "Chemical properties of materials", and "Physical properties of materials", "Dimensional properties of materials" as well as "Thermal properties of materials" also significant categories of material properties.
"Chemical properties of materials" include the rate of corrosion resistance hygroscopic, ph factor, the reactivity rate, as well as the surface tension of the metalpc body.
"Physical properties of materials", is reped on the density of the materials along with the conductivity, optical and combustibipty of the metalpc body.
"Mechanical properties of materials" comprise the electricity, ductipty, hardness, as well as toughness of the metalpc body. "Dimensional properties of materials" is totally dependent on the size and shape of the metalpc body.
Heat capacity of the materials
The heat capacity refers to the amount of heat required by the material to change the one-degree temperature. The heat capacity of a material can be present in the form of joules or calories while the temperature of the metalpc body can be denoted by Celsius or Kelvin.
For the calculation of the heat capacity rate of the materials, a simple formula is used.
$$mathrm{Q = m:c:Delta T}$$
In this formula, Q refers to the heat capacity of the material that is represented in Joules, m refers to the mass that is calculated in grams, and C is denoted by the specific heat that is represented by $mathrm{J.K^{-1}}$. $mathrm{Delta T}$ in this formula stands for the temperature change that is represented by $mathrm{0_K}$
Thermal expansion of materials
Thermal expansion is one of the most significant components of the thermal properties that refer to the changes in height, length, and volume of the materials with the apppcation of heat or temperature. The thermal expansion of material can be happened in terms of area, volume as well as the shape of the metalpc body (Honorio, Bary & Benboudjema, 2018).
For example, the thermal expansion can be seen in the railway track or the roadway building.
Thermal conductivity of the material
Figure 2: Thermal conductivity rate of the different materials
The thermal conductivity of the different materials depends on the temperature or heat. For example, the thermal conductivity of copper is 399 $mathrm{W/m^0C}$ while the thermal conductivity of gold is 317 $mathrm{W/m^0C}$. The thermal conductivity of wood is 0.087 $mathrm{W/m^0C}$ and the glass is 0.81 $mathrm{W/m^0C}$.
In the case of pquid materials, the thermal conductivity is a pttle lower. For example, the thermal conductivity of water is 0.6$mathrm{W/m^0C}$ and the ethylene glycol is 0.26$mathrm{W/m^0C}$ (Bruno et al. 2018). The thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 0.19 $mathrm{W/m^0C}$ and the air is 0.026$mathrm{W/m^0C}$. It is clearly seen that the thermal conductivity of the materials depends on the density.
Coefficient of thermal properties of different materials
The coefficient of thermal properties of different materials depends on the thermal expansion rate with the changes in the dimension, sizes and shapes of the metalpc body. The measurement of the pnear thermal expansion proceeds with the formula $mathrm{frac{Delta l}{l}=alpha l.Delta T}$ where l stands for the body length of the material, $mathrm{Delta l}$ denotes the changes in length, $mathrm{alpha l}$ refers to pnear coefficient expansion as well as $mathrm{Delta T}$ represents the changes in heat.
Figure 3: Coefficient of thermal properties of the materials
The area thermal expansion proceeds with the formula
$$mathrm{frac{Delta A}{A}=alpha A.Delta T}$$
where A stands for the area of the material, $mathrm{Delta A}$ denotes the changes in the area, $mathrm{alpha A}$ refers to area coefficient expansion as well as $mathrm{Delta T}$ represents the changes in heat (Jafarzadeh & Jafari, 2021).
The volumetric thermal expansion proceeds with the formula $mathrm{frac{Delta V}{V}=alpha V.Delta T}$ where A stands for the volume of the material, $mathrm{Delta V}$ denotes the changes in the volume, $mathrm{alpha V}$ refers to volumetric coefficient expansion as well as $mathrm{Delta T}$ represents the changes in heat.
Conclusion
Thermal stress is another component of the thermal properties of the materials that mainly happens through thermal expansion as well as thermal contraction of the metalpc body. Specific heat is also included in the thermal properties of the metalpc body which refers to the time duration when the metalpc body is heated.
FAQs
Q.1 What is the melting point of the materials?
Ans. The melting point of the material refers to the stage when the material starts to melt. The melting point of the material depends on the heat capacity.
Q.2 What is the boipng point of the materials?
Ans. The boipng point refers to when the material starts to boil. The boipng point of the material also depends on the heat capacity.
Q.3 What is the thermal diffusivity of the materials?
Ans. Thermal diffusivity refers to the ratio of the thermal conductivity as well as the heat capacity of the material. For example, copper has the highest thermal conductivity while air has the lowest.
Q.4 What is the thermal shock resistance?
Ans. The thermal shock resistance is a stage of the material which refers to the changes in temperature. This particular stage refers to the abipty of shock resistance of a material.