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光的透射、吸收和反射
Introduction
当光以一定的入射角落在表面上时，它具有被反射、透射或吸收的特性。光是唯一一种能够反射、透射和吸收的电磁辐射，同时对人眼可见。吸收、传输和反射的过程受到中性频率的影响，中性频率可以实时触发这些现象。
Absorption of pght
Definition of absorption of pght
光的吸收过程发生在光落在表面后转化为能量的过程中。当电子吸收能量时，它们会被激发，并开始移动到远离原子核的相对较高的能量水平。电子的能级很快回落，因为它们不喜欢被激发更长的时间。
Figure 1: Absorption of pght
在吸收过程发生后，它会触发一包能量的释放，这种能量后来被称为光线中的光子。吸收过程遵循光谱学的方法来实时研究光的吸收模式。
Causes of the absorption of pght
光的吸收主要取决于光中原子振动的频率。当光波撞击表面时，原子的电子开始振动。在振动过程中，电子与其相邻原子之间的相互作用最终转化为热能，从而触发光的吸收过程（Fippescu，2021）。简单地说，当光的频率与电子和相邻原子的振动频率相匹配时，光就会发生吸收过程。不同的分子和原子具有不同的固有振动频率，这最终有助于选择性地吸收不同频率的光。
Transmission of pght
当光线照射到半透明的透明物体时，就会发生光的透射现象，光线可以从该物体穿透材料，从而穿过该物体。当光以波浪的形式移动时，当它被实时反射和吸收时，人眼是可见的。
Figure 2: Transmission of pght
当光波在一种有资格吸收光线的材料中波动时，就会发生透射过程。透射过程取决于材料的透射率，该透射率与光从一侧移动到另一侧的现象成比例（光测量，2022）。简单地说，当光穿过一些半透明或透明的物体并从中折射时，就会发生光的传输过程。
Reflection of pght
Definition of Reflection
当光线落在某个表面上并从该表面返回时，就会发生反射过程。根据光的原理，当光落在光滑的表面上时，入射角和反射角相等。
Figure 3: Reflection of pght
此外，入射光线、法线表面和反射光线位于同一表面上。简单地说，当光从最初入射的表面物体反弹回来时，就会发生光反射现象。
Types of Reflection
规则反射：规则反射是一种发生在光线落在光滑表面并均匀反射时的反射。在这种类型的反射的情况下，图像更可见，并且在人眼面前清晰可见。规则反射形成的图像无法在屏幕上收集，因为它们总是虚拟的（Takahashi等人2021）。当光从光滑表面反射回来时，它会向特定的方向反射，这种规则反射的现象也被称为镜面反射。
Figure 4: Regular and Irregular reflection
不规则反射：当光线落在粗糙的表面上并以散射的方式反射时，会发生不规则反射。在这种情况下，光的波长和光的平行入射光线在不同方向上被漫反射或不规则反射。这种类型的反射是人眼从不同位置看到被照明表面的能力的原因（光测量，2022）。由于粗糙表面的反弹和光线的扩散，这种类型的反射通常被认为是漫反射。
Conclusion
当光线在不同的情况下照射到表面时，会发生光的吸收、透射和反射。吸收的过程取决于原子核、电子和振动水平。透射取决于光线落下的对象的透明度。当入射角实时等于反射角时，就会发生反射。
FAQs
Q1.光能实时透过物质吗
答：光是唯一一种可以像物质一样穿过空的空间的电磁波。因此，可以说光有资格实时穿过物质。
Q2.光的吸收最依赖于哪个因素
答：光的电磁频率和物体原子的性质实时影响光的吸收。这两个因素彼此成正比，最终会实时影响光的吸收。
Q3.为什么光的反射在人类的日常生活中很重要
答：光的反射使人眼能够实时观察一切并清晰地看到它们。当光线从表面反射时，它会均匀或漫射地分布光线，使人眼能够看到一切。