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Introduction: Cyclotron
回旋装置用于带电粒子加速到很高的速度,也就是说,一个非常高的动能。
这些高速带电粒子被用于以下目的:
研究核反应
插入一个离子在固体
用于启动放射性衰变
所以对于所有这些目的,使用回旋。
因为我们需要高速带电粒子在这个设备我们将两个电荷相反板块之间的带电粒子。电场的增加速度因为它施加一个加速电力在带电粒子保持两个电荷相反板如图1所示。
Images Coming soon
Figure 1
Here, $mathrm{acceleration(a) :=:frac{Force(F)}{Mass(m)}}$ and the Force(F) is nothing but the product of charge(q) and electric field(E).
在这里,如果我们想更多地增加速度,那么有两种方法,如下所示-
我们可以增加盘子之间的距离
$mathrm{V^2:=:u^2:+:2.a.s}$
这里,v=带电粒子的最终速度
u=带电粒子的初始速度
a=加速度
s=行驶距离
因此,最终速度直接取决于行进的距离。
我们可以在电场中放置更多的时间
v=u+a.t
此处,t=时间
因此,最终速度也直接取决于时间。
现在,如果我们增加s,那么设备的尺寸就会增加,这是不可取的。
此外,电场强度与s成反比,因此它也会减小,从而减小加速度。因此,我们将采取第二种选择,即增加时间。如果我们在设备中也引入磁场,这是可能的。磁场将改变带电粒子的方向,并开始在带电板之间旋转带电粒子,这将增加时间“t”,因此带电粒子的速度(v)将增加。所以我们在这里引入交叉场,也就是说,电场和磁场的方向将彼此垂直。
此外,让我们看看回旋加速器的构造。
Construction of Cyclotron
Images Coming soon
Figure - 2(a)
Images Coming soon
Figure - 2(b)
Here, $mathrm{D_1}$ and $mathrm{D_2}$ are hollow metalpc semi-circular containers known as Dees [figure 2 (a)]. Also, the source of charged particles has a very high frequency (1 lakh to 100 lac Hertz), since the frequency is so high that is why it is also called Oscillator [figure 2 (b)]. The direction of the magnetic field is outside of the plane of paper [figure 2 (a)]. The voltage of the source is very high so it will increase the electric field and so will the electric force.
Working of Cyclotron
让来自源的电荷“q”发射并加速到$mathrm{D_2}$(此时带负电荷)[图2(b)],然后其速度增加。一旦“q”进入$mathrm{D_2}$,电场强度(E)=0(,因为导电空心体内部的E为零)。
现在它的速度无法增加,但磁场会迫使“q”以相同的速度在圆形路径上移动。当“q”来自$mathrm{D_2}$时,Dees开关的极性($mathrm{D_1}$将变为负,$mathr姆{D_ 2}美元将变为正)。现在,“q”向$mathrm{D_1}$加速,当它再次进入$mathrm{D_1}$时,E=0,磁场迫使它以相同的速度在圆形路径上移动。但现在圆形路径的半径比以前的要大。之所以会发生这种情况,是因为在从$mathrm{D_2}$移动到$mathrm{D_1}$的过程中,它会加速并增加速度。
正如我们所知,在磁场中-
$$mathrm{r:=:压裂{m.v}{q.B}}$$
这里,r=圆形路径的半径,m=带电粒子的质量,v=带电粒子速度,q=带电粒子上的电荷,B=磁场的大小。因此,随着带电粒子速度的增加,圆形路径的半径也会增加。
因此,从图2(a)和图2(b)中,我们可以看到圆形路径的半径在增加,我们得到了一个螺旋路径。
Final Speed and Kinetic Energy
当带电粒子离开时,圆形路径的半径将等于迪斯的半径。我们也知道,
$$mathrm{r:=:压裂{m.v}{q.B}}$$
所以,我们可以把带电粒子的速度写成,
$$mathrm{v:=:压裂{qB.r}{m}}$$
我们还知道动能(K.E.)可以写成——
$$mathrm{K.E.:=:压裂{1}{2}m.v^2:=:压裂{1}{2}m$$
到达带电粒子“q”圆周运动的时间周期(T)-
$$mathrm{T:=:压裂{2pi m}{qB}}$$
正如我们所知,频率(f)将是时间周期的倒数,因此可以写成-
$$mathrm{f:=:压裂{qB}{2pi m}}$$
这也被称为振荡器频率或回旋加速器频率。
Limitations of Cyclotron
回旋加速器的一些局限性如下所述——
它不能用于像中子这样的中性粒子,因为中性粒子不能加速。
它不能用于像电子这样的非常小的带电粒子。因为电子的质量非常小,几乎比质子小10000倍。原因是因为质量很小,所以行驶加速度会很高,所以速度会很高。正因为如此,电子的速度变得与光速相当,因此电子的质量将在每转中增加。由于带电粒子的频率会降低,但振荡器的频率是固定的,因此带电粒子和振荡器频率之间会不匹配。所以电子与回旋加速器的频率不同步。我们也可以说,回旋加速器不能加速任何速度与光速相当的带电粒子。
FAQs
问题1.什么是回旋加速器
答:这是一种用于将带电粒子加速到非常高的速度的装置。被加速的带电粒子有很多用途。
Q2.为什么回旋加速器需要磁场和电场
电场用于加速带电粒子,但磁场会改变运动方向。它使带电粒子产生圆周运动,使其在电场中花费更多的时间,并且可以获得非常高的速度。
Q3.给出回旋加速器的一些应用
Ans.回旋加速器用于-
放射性衰变
制造与癌症等疾病相关的药物
插入一个离子在固体.
Q4.为什么回旋加速器不用于加速中子
中子是一种中性粒子,它不会被电场加速。所以它的速度在回旋加速器中不会增加。
问题5.为什么没有使用回旋加速器来加速电子?请简要说明确切原因
答:电子的质量非常小。它几乎比质子的体积小10000倍。因此,带电粒子和回旋加速器的频率将不匹配。