Atoms
Celestial Bodies
- Space Travel Equipment
- Stars
- Rotation and Revolution
- Relation Between Escape Velocity And Orbital Velocity
- Dwarf Planets
- Difference Between Solar Eclipse And Lunar Eclipse
- Difference Between Equinox And Solstice
- The Escape Velocity Of Earth
- Solar System
- Difference Between Stars And Planets
- Difference Between Asteroid And Meteoroid
- Constellations
Circuits
电路 (diàn lù)
电路 (Diànlù)
电路
通信系统Pdf
二极管
地球科学
电荷
电
- 类型的齿轮
- 电子产品在日常生活中
- 类型的汽车
- 类型的直流电机
- 类型的交流电机
- 晶体管工作
- 转矩电流环
- 电动机
- 电阻温度依赖性
- Rms值交流电
- 电抗和阻抗
- 相量表示法交流
- 平行板电容器
- 焦耳定律
- 电力
- 磁场对载流导线的影响
- 电流密度
- 导体绝缘体
- 导电
- 碳电阻器
- 直流发电机
- 类型的发电机
- 类型的电流
- 直流发电机类型
- Torque On Dipole
- 电流的热效应
- 电动发电机
- 静电
- 电阻率不同的材料
- 电场的物理意义
- 介电常数和磁导率
- 电能和权力
- 电流在导体
- 电动汽车
- 位移电流
- 电阻与电阻率之间的差异
- 电动机和发电机之间的区别
- 接地和接地之间的区别
- 电流线圈
- 水的电导率
- 导电的液体
Electricity
电磁波
电磁
静电学
能量
- 能量
- 能源类型
- 热能
- 太阳能项目
- 太阳能汽车
- Ev和Joule之间的关系
- 动能和完成的功
- 能量转换
- 一维和二维的弹性和非弹性碰撞
- 常规能源和非常规能源
- 太阳能炊具
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- 能源
- 太阳能和光伏电池
- 动能与动量的关系
- 热量与焦耳的关系
- 能源及其对环境的影响
- 能源考虑
流体
武力
Force
摩擦
万有引力
热
动力学理论
光
- 镜面反射漫反射
- 人眼
- 结构人眼功能
- 阴影的形成
- 反射和折射之间的区别
- 相干源
- 光的透射、吸收和反射
- 透明半透明和不透明
- 阳光白色
- 单狭缝衍射
- 拉曼散射
- 粒子自然光光子
- 真实图像与虚拟图像的区别
- 衍射和干涉的区别
磁性
运动
- 运输历史记录
- 速度-时间图
- 旋转动能
- 刚体和刚体动力学
- 扭矩和速度之间的关系
- 粒子的直线运动
- 周期性运动
- 动量和惯性之间的差异
- 动量守恒
- 运动测量类型
- 扭矩
- 慢速和快速运动
- 滚动
- 刚体平移运动和旋转运动
- 相对速度
- 径向加速度
- 速度和速度之间的区别
- 动力学和运动学的区别
- 连续性方程
- 线性动量守恒
自然资源
核物理学
光学
Optics
- Reflection of Light and Laws of Reflection
- Concave Lens
- Total Internal Reflection
- Thin Lens Formula For Concave And Convex Lenses
- Spherical Mirror Formula
- Resolving Power Of Microscopes And Telescopes
- Refractive Index
- Refraction Of Light
- Refraction Light Glass Prism
- Reflection On A Plane Mirror
- Reflection Lateral Inversion
- Rainbow
- Photometry
- Difference Between Simple And Compound Microscope
- Difference Between Light Microscope And Electron Microscope
- Concave Convex Mirror
- Toric Lens
- The Lens Makers Formula
- Simple Microscope
Oscillation
Pressure
- Thrust Pressure
- Relation Between Bar And Pascal
- Regelation
- Sphygmomanometer
- Relation Between Bar And Atm
- Difference Between Stress And Pressure
Quantum physics
- Quantum physics
- Rydberg Constant
- Electron Spin
- Casimir Effect
- Relativity
- Quantum Mechanics
- Electrons And Photons
Radioactivity
- Relation Between Beta And Gamma Function
- Radioactivity Beta Decay
- Radioactive Decay
- Stefan Boltzmann Constant
- Radioactivity Gamma Decay
- Radioactivity Alpha Decay
- Radiation Detector
Scalars and Vectors
- Scalars and Vectors
- Triangle Law Of Vector Addition
- Scalar Product
- Scalar And Vector Products
- Difference Between Scalar And Vector
Scientific Method
- Scientific Methods
- Safety Measures Technology
- Difference Between Science And Technology
- Scientific Investigation
Semiconductors
- Semiconductor Devices
- Junction Transistor
- Semiconductor Diode
- Difference Between Npn And Pnp Transistor
Solid Deformation
- Solid State Physics
- Solid Deformation
- Stress
- Shear Modulus Elastic Moduli
- Relation Between Elastic Constants
- Elastic Behavior Of Solids
- Tensile Stress
- Stress And Strain
- Shearing Stress
- Elastomers
- Elastic Behaviour Of Materials
- Bulk Modulus Of Elasticity Definition Formula
Sound
- Sound waves
- Timbre
- Speed Of Sound Propagation
- Sound Waves Need Medium Propagation
- Sound Reflection
- Sound Produced Humans
- Doppler Shift
- Difference Between Sound Noise Music
- The Human Voice How Do Humans Create Sound With Their Vocal Cord
- Sound Vibration Propagation Of Sound
- Sound Produced Vibration Object
- Reverberation
- Doppler Effect
System of Particles and Rotational Dynamics
Thermal Properties of Matter
- Thermal Properties of Materials
- Thermal Stress
- Thermal Expansion Of Solids
- Thermal Conductivity Of Metals
Thermodynamics
- Statistical Physics
- SI Units List
- Statistical Mechanics
- Reversible Irreversible Processes
- Carnots Theorem
- Temperature
- Kelvin Planck Statement
- Difference between Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
Units and measurements
- Density of Air
- The Idea Of Time
- Difference Between Pound And Kilogram
- Difference Between Mass And Volume
- Dimensional Analysis
- Density Of Water
- Time Measurement
- Standard Measurement Units
- Relation Between Kg And Newton
- Relation Between Density And Temperature
- Difference Between Mass And Weight
Waves
- Space Wave Propagation
- Sharpness Of Resonance
- Relation Between Group Velocity And Phase Velocity
- Relation Between Amplitude And Frequency
- Periodic Function
- P Wave
- Destructive Interference
- Transverse Waves
- Travelling Wave
- Standing Wave Normal Mode
- S Waves
- Relation Between Frequency And Velocity
- Reflection Of Waves
- Phase Angle
- Period Angular Frequency
Work, Energy and Power
- Derivation Of Work Energy Theorem
- Conservation Of Mechanical Energy
- Relation Between Work And Energy
- Destruction Caused Cyclones
Physics Experiments
- Determine Resistance Plotting Graph Potential Difference versus Current
- To find the weight of a given Body using Parallelogram Law of Vectors
- To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between p and v
- To measure the thickness of sheet using Screw Gauge
- To find the value of V for different U values of Concave Mirror find Focal Length
- To find the Surface Tension of Water by Capillary Rise Method
- To find the Resistance of given wire using Metre Bridge and hence determine the Resistivity of its Material Experiment
- Determine Mass of Two Different Objects Using Beam Balance
- Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass Prism
- Tracing path of a ray of light passing through a glass slab
- Tornado Bottle
- To find image distance for varying object distances of a convex lens with ray diagrams
- To find force constant of helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension
- To find focal length of concave lens using convex lens
- To find effective length of seconds pendulum using graph
- To find downward force along inclined plane on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and its relationship with the angle of inclination
- To draw the IV characteristic curve for p n junction in forward and reverse bias
- To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire
- To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potentiometer experiment
- To determine the coefficient of viscosity of given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of given spherical body
- To determine specific heat capacity of given solid by method of mixtures
- To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a Spherometer
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Rocket science
- Relationship between frequency and length of wire under constant tension using Sonometer
- To determine equivalent resistance of resistors when connected in series and in parallel
- To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same experiment
- To determine minimum deviation for given prism by plotting graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation
- To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer experiment
Introduction
In the field of physics, the identification of fundamental structures is quite essential for the study of nuclei. However, the structure of the nucleus would not have been known to the world if Ernest Rutherford would not conduct the experiment of gold foil in understanding the structure of atoms. This is noted that earper, the structure of an atom was seen as a pulp pudding model that is proposed by Thompson. In this model, it was thought that the pudding with the nucleus has positive materials, whereas, the plums denote the distribution of negative charges.
Definition of nucleus
After the experiment of gold foil with hepum atoms by Rutherford, it is concluded that the nucleus is a relatively small dense region that includes both protons and neutrons (Khetsepus et al. 2018).
The proton and neutron are situated at the centre of the atom. However, after the discovery, several models are constructed, showing in detail that, the nucleus is composed of neutrons and protons and is surrounded by the cloud of negatively charged particles known as electrons.
Figure 1: Structure of Nucleus
History associated with Nucleus
The nucleus commonly known as the atomic nucleus has been taken from the Latin word, nucleus and is associated with another word known as, nux, which means, nut or kernel. However, this word is termed Michael Faraday, which is used to describe the centre of the atom. J.J.Thompson, with the support of the experiment of cathode ray tubes discovered that atom consists of negatively charged particles (Vigen, 2018).
Model of Plum Pudding by Thompson states atoms has both positive and negative charged particles. And finally, the discovery of Rutherford estabpshes the true structure of an atom.
Features of Nucleus
Several features are noticed, such as, in the nucleus, the positively charged particles from protons, count in the number of protons determining the notion of being the atom of a specific element. The count of neutrons determines what kind of isotope is possessed by the atom (Geeksforgeeks.org, 2022).
Both protons and neutrons have more weight than the tiny electron particles. Therefore, it states that the mass of the nucleus is concentrated around the nucleus of the atom (Schoolscience.co.uk, 2022).
Furthermore, a strong electric force is noticed between protons and neutrons present within the nucleus. The particles of electrons are attracted to the nucleus due to the presence of positives around the nucleus.
An experiment of Gold Foil by Rutherford
Rutherford wanted to show the arrangements of electrons within an atom, which resulted in him conducting the gold foil experiment, which showed the fast nature of movements conducted by the alpha particles (ɑ). Hepum ions that are doubly charged are taken to show alpha particles, the gold foil was used as it can be made into fine and thin layers (Spark.iop.org, 2022).
However, the mass of ɑ is more than protons, as, he thought that spght deflection will occur.
Figure 2: Gold Foil Experiment by Rutherford
Rutherford’s Observations and conclusion
Through his observation, it is noticed that most of the ɑ particles passed straightforward without any deflection and very few deflections occurred by some ɑ particles conducting an angle. Furthermore, it is as well noticed that few ɑ particles rebounded (Chem.pbretexts.org, 2022).
From this, it can be concluded that the centre of an atom consists of positive charges and the mass of the atom is concentrated within the middle region of the atom. Electrons are present within their specific orbital that pe around the nucleus. In addition to this, it is noticed that the size of the nucleus is relatively small than that of the atom.
Figure 3: Rutherford formula and deviation
Size and density of Nucleus
From Rutherford s experiment of gold foil, it is noticed that the size for nucleus is relatively smaller than the atom s size. For example, the size of a hydrogen atom is 145,000 times larger than the size of a nucleus. Due to the presence of a single atom the size of the nucleus is 1.75 * 10-15 m (Spark.iop.org, 2022). However, the formula that is used to measure size for nucleus can be expressed as, ? = ?0?1/3, ?ℎ???, ?0 = 1.2 ∗ 10 − 15 m.
Conclusion
As a concluding thought in this tutorial, it is understood that the structure of an atom is important in defining the size of the nucleus. From the experiment of gold foil by Rutherford it is noticed that there pes a specific structure of an atom, where, the nucleus pes in the middle and around it within a specific orbital, the electrons rotate. For several atoms, it is noticed that the size of nucleus is relatively less than the size of atoms.
FAQs
Q1. What is the reason behind the use of gold foil in the experiment conducted by Rutherford?
Ans: Rutherford used gold foil in the experiment because gold foil has higher malleabipty than is used as a part of the ray scattering experiment Rutherford. However, relatively thin foils are used therefore, they helped in the shaping of very thin films.
Q2. What is the reason behind the deflection of alpha particles during Rutherford’s experiment?
Ans: From the experiment, Rutherford thought that the alpha particles would fly directly in a straightforward direction through the foil. However, the experiment showed that the pathway of the alpha particles gets a bit deflected while passing along the foil. The reason behind this is due to the presence of charge within the particles that tend to repel each other.
Q3. What do we get to know from Rutherford’s experiment of gold foil?
Ans: We got to know several important facts associated with atoms from Rutherford’s experiment on gold foil. From this experiment, it is known that atoms are just empty spaces, consisting of relatively tiny nuclei within the centre and having a positive charge.