Atoms
Celestial Bodies
- Space Travel Equipment
- Stars
- Rotation and Revolution
- Relation Between Escape Velocity And Orbital Velocity
- Dwarf Planets
- Difference Between Solar Eclipse And Lunar Eclipse
- Difference Between Equinox And Solstice
- The Escape Velocity Of Earth
- Solar System
- Difference Between Stars And Planets
- Difference Between Asteroid And Meteoroid
- Constellations
Circuits
电路 (diàn lù)
电路 (Diànlù)
电路
通信系统Pdf
二极管
地球科学
电荷
电
- 类型的齿轮
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- 类型的发电机
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- Torque On Dipole
- 电流的热效应
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- 静电
- 电阻率不同的材料
- 电场的物理意义
- 介电常数和磁导率
- 电能和权力
- 电流在导体
- 电动汽车
- 位移电流
- 电阻与电阻率之间的差异
- 电动机和发电机之间的区别
- 接地和接地之间的区别
- 电流线圈
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- 导电的液体
Electricity
电磁波
电磁
静电学
能量
- 能量
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- 热能
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- 能源
- 太阳能和光伏电池
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- 能源考虑
流体
武力
Force
摩擦
万有引力
热
动力学理论
光
- 镜面反射漫反射
- 人眼
- 结构人眼功能
- 阴影的形成
- 反射和折射之间的区别
- 相干源
- 光的透射、吸收和反射
- 透明半透明和不透明
- 阳光白色
- 单狭缝衍射
- 拉曼散射
- 粒子自然光光子
- 真实图像与虚拟图像的区别
- 衍射和干涉的区别
磁性
运动
- 运输历史记录
- 速度-时间图
- 旋转动能
- 刚体和刚体动力学
- 扭矩和速度之间的关系
- 粒子的直线运动
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- 扭矩
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- 相对速度
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- 速度和速度之间的区别
- 动力学和运动学的区别
- 连续性方程
- 线性动量守恒
自然资源
核物理学
光学
Optics
- Reflection of Light and Laws of Reflection
- Concave Lens
- Total Internal Reflection
- Thin Lens Formula For Concave And Convex Lenses
- Spherical Mirror Formula
- Resolving Power Of Microscopes And Telescopes
- Refractive Index
- Refraction Of Light
- Refraction Light Glass Prism
- Reflection On A Plane Mirror
- Reflection Lateral Inversion
- Rainbow
- Photometry
- Difference Between Simple And Compound Microscope
- Difference Between Light Microscope And Electron Microscope
- Concave Convex Mirror
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- The Lens Makers Formula
- Simple Microscope
Oscillation
Pressure
- Thrust Pressure
- Relation Between Bar And Pascal
- Regelation
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- Relation Between Bar And Atm
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Quantum physics
- Quantum physics
- Rydberg Constant
- Electron Spin
- Casimir Effect
- Relativity
- Quantum Mechanics
- Electrons And Photons
Radioactivity
- Relation Between Beta And Gamma Function
- Radioactivity Beta Decay
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- Radioactivity Gamma Decay
- Radioactivity Alpha Decay
- Radiation Detector
Scalars and Vectors
- Scalars and Vectors
- Triangle Law Of Vector Addition
- Scalar Product
- Scalar And Vector Products
- Difference Between Scalar And Vector
Scientific Method
- Scientific Methods
- Safety Measures Technology
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Semiconductors
- Semiconductor Devices
- Junction Transistor
- Semiconductor Diode
- Difference Between Npn And Pnp Transistor
Solid Deformation
- Solid State Physics
- Solid Deformation
- Stress
- Shear Modulus Elastic Moduli
- Relation Between Elastic Constants
- Elastic Behavior Of Solids
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- Elastomers
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- Bulk Modulus Of Elasticity Definition Formula
Sound
- Sound waves
- Timbre
- Speed Of Sound Propagation
- Sound Waves Need Medium Propagation
- Sound Reflection
- Sound Produced Humans
- Doppler Shift
- Difference Between Sound Noise Music
- The Human Voice How Do Humans Create Sound With Their Vocal Cord
- Sound Vibration Propagation Of Sound
- Sound Produced Vibration Object
- Reverberation
- Doppler Effect
System of Particles and Rotational Dynamics
Thermal Properties of Matter
- Thermal Properties of Materials
- Thermal Stress
- Thermal Expansion Of Solids
- Thermal Conductivity Of Metals
Thermodynamics
- Statistical Physics
- SI Units List
- Statistical Mechanics
- Reversible Irreversible Processes
- Carnots Theorem
- Temperature
- Kelvin Planck Statement
- Difference between Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
Units and measurements
- Density of Air
- The Idea Of Time
- Difference Between Pound And Kilogram
- Difference Between Mass And Volume
- Dimensional Analysis
- Density Of Water
- Time Measurement
- Standard Measurement Units
- Relation Between Kg And Newton
- Relation Between Density And Temperature
- Difference Between Mass And Weight
Waves
- Space Wave Propagation
- Sharpness Of Resonance
- Relation Between Group Velocity And Phase Velocity
- Relation Between Amplitude And Frequency
- Periodic Function
- P Wave
- Destructive Interference
- Transverse Waves
- Travelling Wave
- Standing Wave Normal Mode
- S Waves
- Relation Between Frequency And Velocity
- Reflection Of Waves
- Phase Angle
- Period Angular Frequency
Work, Energy and Power
- Derivation Of Work Energy Theorem
- Conservation Of Mechanical Energy
- Relation Between Work And Energy
- Destruction Caused Cyclones
Physics Experiments
- Determine Resistance Plotting Graph Potential Difference versus Current
- To find the weight of a given Body using Parallelogram Law of Vectors
- To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant temperature by plotting graphs between p and v
- To measure the thickness of sheet using Screw Gauge
- To find the value of V for different U values of Concave Mirror find Focal Length
- To find the Surface Tension of Water by Capillary Rise Method
- To find the Resistance of given wire using Metre Bridge and hence determine the Resistivity of its Material Experiment
- Determine Mass of Two Different Objects Using Beam Balance
- Tracing the path of the rays of light through a glass Prism
- Tracing path of a ray of light passing through a glass slab
- Tornado Bottle
- To find image distance for varying object distances of a convex lens with ray diagrams
- To find force constant of helical spring by plotting a graph between load and extension
- To find focal length of concave lens using convex lens
- To find effective length of seconds pendulum using graph
- To find downward force along inclined plane on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and its relationship with the angle of inclination
- To draw the IV characteristic curve for p n junction in forward and reverse bias
- To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire
- To determine the internal resistance of a given primary cell using a potentiometer experiment
- To determine the coefficient of viscosity of given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of given spherical body
- To determine specific heat capacity of given solid by method of mixtures
- To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a Spherometer
- Scope and Excitement of Physics
- Rocket science
- Relationship between frequency and length of wire under constant tension using Sonometer
- To determine equivalent resistance of resistors when connected in series and in parallel
- To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same experiment
- To determine minimum deviation for given prism by plotting graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation
- To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer experiment
Introduction
在我们的日常生活中,我们观察到各种各样的现象,比如雨后天空中形成了彩虹,白光分裂成七种颜色,当水落在汽油上时,它也会显示出不同的颜色。所有这些现象都与光的光学现象有关。在本教程中,我们将讨论衍射和干涉这两个重要现象。
在经典物理学中,衍射一词首先是用惠更·弗雷斯纳尔原理来解释的。在此之后,不同的科学家进行了不同的尝试,以他们的方式解释这些术语。它在生物大分子研究中有应用。而干扰削弱了信号无线电传输中的应用。
What is Diffraction?
这是一个波或光线通过障碍物边缘而膨胀的过程。在这个过程中形成的图案被称为衍射图案。我们可以很容易地在日常生活中观察到衍射现象。例如,当光线照射到CD和DVD上时,它们会显示出彩虹图案。这些起到衍射光栅的作用。衍射有两种类型。
菲涅耳类:光源与孔径或孔径与屏幕之间的距离是有限的,这种衍射被称为菲涅耳类。
Fraunhofer类:在这种类型的衍射中,屏幕与狭缝相距无穷远。
Fig:1 Diffraction pattern using single spt
Thurth,my own, SingleSptDiffraction, CC BY-SA 3.0
Condition for Diffraction
当障碍物的尺寸或宽度小于光束波长的当量时,就会发生衍射。光波的波长越高,衍射就越多。即$mathrm{lambda ge a}$,其中a是狭缝宽度
Diffraction of Light at a Single Spt
在这种衍射中,我们使用特定宽度的单个狭缝来观察衍射图案。需要注意的是,狭缝的宽度必须小于光的波长。让我们考虑一个宽度为a的狭缝AB,D是屏幕与狭缝的距离。
设P为高程点。OP之间的距离是y。
Fig:2 Single spt experiment
从图中我们观察到,两条射线以路径差$mathrm{frac{a}{2}sin heta}向点P传播$
Condition for secondary maxima (bright fringe):
二次极大值条件也称为亮条纹条件。我们已经观察到P是一个亮点。明亮的条纹位于$mathrm{frac{3 lambda}{2}、frac{5 lambda}$
$$mathrm{a sin Theta=(2n+1)frac{lambda}{2}}$$
Condition for secondary minima (dark fringe):
对于次极小值,我们观察到P是一个暗点,那么暗条纹位于$mathrm{lambda,2lambda,3lambda…………}$
$$mathrm{a sin Theta=nlambda}$$
中心最大值的条纹宽度大于其他条纹,并且所有亮条纹的强度都不同,这可以在下面的图像中看到。
我们可以看到,在下面给出的实验图像中,中心条纹比其他条纹更亮,也比其他条纹宽。
Interference and its Types
The phenomenon in which two waves of different ampptude are superimposed with each other and give a resultant wave with a new ampptude. The magnitude of ampptude depends on the type of interference. There are two types of interference.
构造干涉:当两个波以相同的速度和相位在同一方向上传播时。然后这些波会受到相长干涉。合成波的振幅和能量高于单个波。
破坏性干扰:当两个波以相同的速度在同一方向上传播但异相时,这些波形成破坏性干扰。合成波的振幅小于单个波的振幅。
Condition for Interference
存在一些干扰条件。我们将逐一讨论
第一个是源应该是相干的。从而使源处的相位差保持恒定。
光源应该是单色的。
两个波的振幅和频率应该是相同的。
光源应该很小或很窄。
Difference between Diffraction and Interference
Diffraction | Interference |
---|---|
Wave sppt at sharp edge or corners of the spt. This phenomenon is called diffraction. It takes place because of the superposition of secondary waves starting from various parts of the same wavefront. | when two waves combine and form another wave this phenomenon is called interference. It takes place because of the superposition of secondary waves, starting from two different wavefronts that must be obtained from a coherent source. |
Does not require a coherent source. | Source should be a coherent source. |
Maxima is varying and the width of the central bright fringe is twice the width of any secondary maxima. | Maxima is constant and all bright and dark fringes are of equal width. |
Intensity of the bright fringe decreases as we move from the central bright fringe on either side. | All bright fringes are of the same intensity. |
Contrast is Weak: Dark fringe region is not perfectly dark | The Contrast is Strong: Dark fringe region is perfectly dark. |
Conclusion
在本教程中,我们讨论了叠加原理。还研究了干涉和衍射,因为这两者都是基于叠加原理。我们还讨论了衍射和干涉的类型。为了获得衍射和干涉图案,光源的光必须是相干的。这意味着光必须以相同的方向、相同的速度、相同的相位传播。
FAQs
Q1.什么是单色光
答:单一波长的光被称为单色光。它的意思是一个单一颜色的灯。例如,波长为400的单色光是紫色。
Q2.同一家公司的两盏灯,相同的额定功率,相同的输入电压,是否可以作为相干源
答:不,两个独立的源永远不能作为一个相干源。因为它们没有相同的相位差。
Q3.叠加的原理是什么
这个原理表明,当两个波相互重叠时,合成波的振幅等于单个波的总和。
$$mathrm{Y=Y_1+Y_2}$$
Q4.相干源是什么
发射相同波长、相同频率、相同相位的连续光波的光源具有恒定的相位差,称为相干光源。
问题5.获得相干源的条件是什么
答:以下是相干源的条件
这两种光源应该发出单色光
来自两个光源的光波之间的路径差应该很小。
问题6.什么是衍射光栅
答:这是一种光学工具,可以将白光按波长分解为光成分。不同波长的光被不同的角度衍射。衍射光栅是由大量的狭缝组成的。