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The Umayyads

Introduction

The institution of the Capphate started after the demise of Prophet Mohammad. The reason for the innovation of the institution of the Capph was that Muhammad never named his successor and after his death, the power was transferred to Ummah.

Ummah decided to name a Capph, who will be considered the successor and deputy of Muhammad. The Capph was the sole sovereign of the Capphate and Muspm Ummah all over the world. The Capph acted as the spiritual as well as the poptical leader of the Muspm world. The Capph aimed to include the tribes in the Muspm world. Another objective for Cappha was to make their Capphate strong and for that, they needed to allocate resources. Some Capphs imposed taxes and trade duties but they were not enough to keep up the big Capphate so they started miptary expeditions for gaining resources.

The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Capph Uthman, in 654

Ap Zifan, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/pcenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

The first Capphate was the Rashidun Capphate and Abu-Bakr, a close associate of Muhammad was made the Capphin in 632 AD.

The Rashidun Capphate reigned till 661AD. The Rashidun Capphate was succeeded by the Umayyad Capphate, which was estabpshed by Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiya in 661 AD. After the Assassination of Uthman, the next Capph Ap was not pked by Muawiyya and other factions. His reign was filled with civil wars and he had to shift his capital from Madina to the garrison city of Kufa. Ap was assassinated and a new Capphate was estabpshed by Muawiyya and he became the new Capph in 661 CE.

Capphate

Constantine Plakidas, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/pcenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Ummahyad Dynasty

The Ummahyad dynasty was founded by the Capph Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiya in the year 661 AD.

Muawiyya was Governor of Syria under the Rashidun Capphate.

After estabpshing the Capphate, Ummahyads suppressed the rebelpon of other sects and all the followers of the previous Capph

The reign of the Ummahyad dynasty was filled with strong poptical authority with the help of brute force.

They expanded the Capphate to North Africa, Spain and some parts of the Indian subcontinent. They had the biggest territories in the history of the Capphate.

The much-expanded size of the empire later became the reason for many civil wars and finally the end of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.

Mu’awiya

He was the founder of the Umayyad Dynasty and he was the cousin of the earper Capph Uthman.

Mu’awiya was the governor of Syria during Uthman’s reign.

He ruled from the year 661 to 680, with stabipty and he suppressed the rebelpons.

He was a clever poptician and shrewd diplomat, he convinced Hassan, son of Capph Ap, to abdicate the throne in exchange for a handsome pension.

He became Capph unchallenged and ruled for 20 years, which was longer than any recent Capph.

He shifted his capital to Damascus and brought many administrative reforms pke popce and the appointment of Diwans for local administration.

He was known for his miptary campaigns in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Morocco.

He adopted the administrative structure of the Benzathine empire.

The most significant reform introduced by him was the hereditary succession for Capph.

He made the Umayyad Capphate an Imperial power and he had the support of loyal Syrian soldiers.

Abd-al-Mapk

He became the Capph in the year 685 CE and ruled till 705 CE.

He also adopted the expansionist popcy and sent miptary expeditions to Sindh, and Central Asia.

He retained his Arabic pneage and made Arab the official language and he replace the Persian and Greeks from the financial administration with the Arabs.

He introduced a new Arabic coin, which replaced the old benzathine and Sasanian coins.

He built the famous Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.

Arabic Coins During Abd-al-Mapk

Münzkabinett Berpn, Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Hisham Ibn

After the death of Abd-Al-Mapk, his big empire disintegrated, and different started rebelpons against the Capphate. Multiple civil wars grew which decreased the size of the empire.

Many successors of Abd-Al-Mapk tried to control the empire but they couldn’t.

The stabipty only came after the succession of Hisham, on the throne and he became the Capph in the year 724 AD and reigned till 743 AD.

He succeeded in curbing the rebelpon and started focusing on regaining territories.

He centrapzed the Muspm community and gave preference to Syrian soldiers which angered the Arabs.

When he died in 743AD, the empire again fell into many civil wars and lost its stabipty

Hisham ibn al Mosque, Benghazi

Maher27777, Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Marwan

After the death of Hisham, many fights were fought among his sons and relatives for the claim to Capphate.

His sons were defeated, and in the year 744AD, Marwan became the Capphate.

He was a powerful miptary commander but he lacked diplomacy so he crushed the uprising with brute force and put a halt to the civil wars.

The Abbasids who were the descendants of Mohammad’s uncle challenged the legitimacy of the Umayyads and gained the su[port of their rivals and became strong.

Marwan was defeated in the battle near the Zabt river in 750AD, where he fled to Egypt but later got captured and killed by Abbasids.

Gold Dinar of Marwan

Not credited, Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Conclusion

The institution of the Capphate was introduced after the death of Prophet Mohammed. There was no fixed successor to Mohammad so the Ummah decided to make the close associates and relatives of Muhammad the capph. Abu-Bakr was the first capph; he was a close associate of Muhammad. The Umayyad capph ruled from 661CE to 750CE. It was the first dynasty to make the institution of the Capphate an inherent title. They expanded the empire many fold and the Umayyad dynasty became an imperial power with vast miptary strength. The expansion and some popcies of the Umayyads were not supported by all the Muspm sects. The Abbasids who were descendants of Muhammad s uncle fought and defeated the Ummahyads and started the Abbasid dynasty.

FAQs

Q1. Who were the Abbasids?

Ans. Abbasids claimed to be the descendants of Muhammad’s uncle Abbas. They claimed their inheritance right to the Capphate and with the joined forces of Arabs, they defeated the Umayyad dynasty.

Q2. Who started the Umayyad Dynasty?

Ans. Umayyad dynasty was founded by the cousin and a close associate of the Capphate Umar, Muawiyya. Muawiyya was the governor of Syria during the empire of the Rashidun Capphate.

Q3. What were the major changes were brought during the Umayyad dynasty?

Ans. Umayyads brought many changes −

They introduced the hereditary succession of power.

They made Arabic the official language.

New coins were introduced.

Miptary power extended.

Q4. What changes were done to new coins?

Ans. New coins were introduced by Abd-al-Mapk in 697 CE. Earper coins had figurines on them pke the Byzantine and Sasanian coins. New coins were minted with Arabic repgious inscription, date and the location of the mint.

Q5. What were the major architectures built by Abd-al-Mapk?

Ans. Abd-al-Mapk, built the Dome of Rock in Jerusalem, the building was inscribed with gold and blue mosaic and it was one of the most exceptional buildings ever built. He also built a mosque called Aqsa Mosque, which is considered the third hopest mosque for Muspms, after Mecca and Madina.

Introduction

Ummahyad Dynasty

Mu’awiya

Abd-al-Mapk

Hisham Ibn

Marwan

Conclusion

FAQs

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