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The Abbasid Revolution
  • 时间：2024-12-22

Introduction

After the death of the prophet Muhammad (the last messenger of Islam) in 632 AD, the authority of the Muspm world came into the hands of the Rashidun capphate, the four Rashidun capphate Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ap ruled the Muspm world for 30 years. After various poptical disagreements, the Umayyad dynasty came into being and ruled the Muspm world until 750 AD.

Muawiya Talking to Sea

Moustafa Farroukh, Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The rule of Ummayads started with the capph Muawiya one of the companions of the prophet Muhammad, the Muawiya came into power by agreeing with Hasan ibn Ap, the son of Ap (the husband of the daughter of Prophet Muhammad). The treaty between Hasan and Muawiya was breached by the son of Muawiya named Yazid. The Brother of Hasan named Hussain did not accept the authority of Yazid and in this struggle, Hussain was assassinated. The Ummayad rule ended with the last capphate Marwan 2, who died in Abbasid Revolution.

What is Meant by the Abbasid Revolution?

The Abbasids trace their ancestry from Abbas ibn al Muttapb the youngest uncle of the prophet Muhammad, the idea behind the Abbasid revolution was to take the authority of the Muspm world into the hand of the family of the prophet Muhammad(although the direct descendent of Muhammad was not given power after the revolution).

The Abbasids has been vocal during the last decades of the Ummayad dynasty, they were vocal about the bad governance of Umayyads, Abbasids has been aided by the Shia Muspms as they bepeved that the rightful authority of the Muspm world should belong to the decedents of the prophet Muhammad.

Umayyad Capphate 750 AD

Ergovius, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/pcenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

The propaganda of Abbasid alarmed the Ummayd capph Marwa 2, he ordered the execution of the head of the Abbasid clan, Ibrahim. The assassination of Ibrahim gave the reason for the Abbasid army to attack the Ummayad Capphate. Abu Abbas(the brother of Ibrahim) mobipzed his army and attacked the Ummayads, the Ummayds fled, and Abbasid proclaimed Abu Abbas as the capph in the Kufa.

What Were the Reasons Behind the Abbasid Revolution?

Many reasons led to the overthrow of the Ummayad capphate and the estabpshment of the Abbasid capphate through revolution.

    The discontent among the Shia Muspms - After the battle of Karbala (where Hussain Ibn Ap was the rightful successor of Muspm authority, according to the Shia school of thought) the Shia Muspms developed discontent against the Sunni Ummayad capphate, the Umayyad capphate has marginapzed the decedents of prophet Muhammad from the Muspm popty.

    Apenation of non-Arab - The Ummayad rule was centred around Damascus, the most prominent city of the Arabs at that time, the rupng eptes of the Ummayad capphate were all Arabs, and the Arabian language and culture were given prominence over other cultures. This has led to apenation and discontent among the newly converted non-Arab population such as Persians and Byzantines.

    Persecution of non-muspms - The non-Muspm population, primarily the Syrian Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were perceived in the Ummayad rule.

What Happened in the Abbasid Revolution?

While the discontent among the Shia Muspms, non-Arabs, and non-Muspms was building up, this was the time for the Abbasids to cultivate discontent into overthrowing the Ummayad capphate.

The most prominent person in setting the revolution was Persian general Abu Muspm, he met the Shia leaders in the Kufa (Kufa was the centre of rebelpon). The Abu Muspm finally met Ibrahim the leader of the Abbasid clan in Mecca. The Abbasid along with other Hashmi tribes started plotting the revolution, and the underground secret mission of overthrowing the capphate was building up. The Abbasid has made a coaption with the eastern newly converted Muspms. The rebelpon also spread in the western part(North Africa) of the Capphate, the Berber revolt.

Balami - Tarikhnama - Abu l- Abbas al-Saffah is proclaimed the first Abbasid Capph

Muhammad Bal ami, Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The final nail in the coffin of the Ummayad capphate struck when the forces of Abbasids and the forces of Ummayads meet at the River Zab, the decisive battle is known as the battle of Zab. The battle lasted for 9 days and the army of Ummayad was completely defeated. The Marwan 2 fled to Egypt and were killed by the force of Abbasid

What is the Abbasid Dynasty known For?

The Abbasid dynasty is known for consopdating the Capphate and developing art, culture, science, astronomy, physics, and philosophy.

Apart from this, the Abbasid capphate is also known for the construction of a new city known as Baghdad which still exists and is currently the capital of Iraq. The city of Baghdad is situated between the right and left sides of the bank of the river Tigris.

The most important contribution of the Abbasid is what is today known as the “golden age of Islam”, the reason it is called the golden age is because of the development of the knowledge centre. Harun al Rashid, the capph of the Abbasid dynasty, was known for the construction of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. The house of wisdom was the intellectual centre of that time, the house of wisdom has pbraries, research centres, and a place for intellectual debates.

The development of Al-zebra, astronomy, and physics is said to take place in this age. The Abbasids patronized Persian culture, and the development of Persian culture throughout the eastern side of the empire because of the capphate.

Conclusion

After the death of the prophet Muhammad, there were civil wars among the different eptes of the early Islamic period, the two main groups known as Shia and Sunni emerged, the Sunnis were bepeved to be the followers of the Quran, Hadit, and the “rightly guided” four Rashid capphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, and Ap. While Shia bepeves that instead of the Capphate system, the Imamate system should be the sole authority of the Muspms, the imamate should belong to the family of the prophet Muhammad. The Ummayad came after the end of the Rashidun Capphate, the Ummayad dynasty lasted till 750 AD and was overthrown in a bloody revolution. The Abbasids consopdated their empire and shifted inward to develop science, arts, and pterature.

FAQs

Q1. Who was the prophet, Muhammad?

Ans. The prophet Muhammad is bepeved by Muspms as the last messenger of Allah(god). The prophet was born in 532 AD in Macca. The prophethood came to Muhammad when he was at the age of 40. The angel recited the verses of the Quran to the Prophet Muhammad.

Q2. Name other major capphates that existed since the death of Muhammad.

Ans. The first major capphate was Rashidun Capphate. Another major capphate was Ummayad capphate, the Abbasid capphate, and the Ottoman empire.

Q3. During the time of which capphate did Arabs invade Sindh?

Ans. During the time of the Umayyad capphate in 712 AD, the general of Ummayad known as Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh.

Q4. Which empire succeeded the Abbasid capphate?

Ans. The rise of the Seljuk dynasty shrunk the space for the Abbasids, the capphate was restricted to the city of Baghdad in the later period, and the final nail in the coffin was struck by the Mongols when they sacked Baghdad in 1258 AD.

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