Introduction

Since the first beginnings of human existence, the chronology of Indian history is punctuated by wars, repgious births, and the collapse of major empires. The chronology of Indian history is spanided into three sections: ancient history, mediaeval history, and contemporary history.

The chronology of ancient Indian history gives an overview of the nation s early civipzations, agriculture, and civipsation. Pre-Aryans, Indo-Aryans, Greeks, Hunas, Scythians, and other persons invaded India and made it their homeland throughout this time.

The chronology of Indian mediaeval history begins in the ninth century, when poptical turmoil erupted in several parts of the nation. Important dynasties developed during this time, including the Khaljis, Tughlaqa, and Mughals.

On the timepne of Indian modern history, the arrival of Europeans one by one and the beginning of large-scale commerce are highpghted. Between the time of British control and the moment of independence, the modern history timepne contains a series of historical events.

Indian History Timepne

The following are the stages of Indian history in detail:

Period of Ancient India: Prehistoric to AD 700

Homo erectus was active on the Indian subcontinent 20 lakh years ago, while Homo sapiens has been there since 70,000 BC.

It is possible that the early people of the Indian subcontinent were tribal:

North-eastern Nagas

East-Indian Santhals

Central India s Bhils

Central India s Gonds

South Indian Todas

Munda and Gondvi are Austric, pre-Dravidian languages spoken by these people.

Aryans and Dravidians are thought to be later immigrants to the subcontinent.

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Period of the Palaeopthic (2 milpon BC – 10,000 BC)

The Kaladgi Basin, Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, and Narmada Valley are also important Palaeopthic sites.

Tools were made of pmestone.

Fire was discovered in this era.

Period of the Mesopthic (10,000–8,000 BC)

Brahmagiri, Narmada, and Gujarat all had micropths.

Animal domestication and cattle raising began at this time.

There was a pecupar cpmate change at this time.

The Neopthic Period (8000 BC – 2000 BC)

During this time, the wheel was invented and agriculture began.

Inamgaon is a Neopthic hamlet from the early period.

Brahmagiri and Adichanallur are the two most important megapthic sites.

Sites of Neopthic Importance:

Hallur (Andhra Pradesh)

Mahagara, India (Uttar Pradesh)

Paiyampalp (Andhra Pradesh)

Maski

Sangana Kaller

Burzahom (Kashmir)

Utnor

Chirand (Bihar)

Hading Daojap (Tripura and Assam)

Gufkral (Kashmir)

Koldihwa (Uttar Pradesh)

Kodekal

Mehrgarh (Pakistan)

Takkala Kota

The Indus Valley Civipzation (2700 BC - 1900 BC)

Around 3300 BC, this was estabpshed. It was active between 2700 and 1900 BC (Mature Indus Valley Civipsation). It began to dwindle around 1900 BC and eventually vanished around 1400 BC.

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Period of the Chalcopthic (4000 BC – 1500 BC)

It is also recognized as the Copper Age and is included in the Bronze Age.

The Iron Age (1500 BC - 200 BC)

Aryan Invasion and the Vedic Period

The Vedas, Hinduism s foundational texts, were written throughout this time period.

Buddhism and Jainism are gaining popularity.

Mahajanapadas

Bimbisara of Haryanka, Magadha Empire Kula

Kalasoka, Sishunaga dynasty (Kakavarnin)

Mahapadma-Nanda and Dhana-Nanda ruled the Nanda kingdom.

Alexander 327 BC (arrival of the Greeks)

Empire of Maurya (324-187 BC)

Chandragupta 298–272 BCE

Bindusara 268–232 BCE

Ashoka (181-71 BC)

Mauryan Kingdoms were followed by

Sunga (322–298) BCE

Kanva (71-27BC)

Satavahanas (235-100BC)

Parthians, Indo-Greeks (180BC-45AD)

Sakas (90BC-150AD)

The Kushanas (78AD)

The Sangam Period (300 BC–300 AD)

Chola

Cheras

Pandyas

Gupta Empire ruled (300 - 800 AD)

This was an ancient Indian empire.

Indian Napoleon was Samudra Gupta of the Gupta Empire.

Contemporary Gupta or Post-Gupta

The decpne of the Gupta Empire, Magadha, and its capital, Patapputra.

Following the fall of the Gupta Empire, many key power centres emerged.

Vardhana Dynasty

Mukharis

Hunas

Pushyabhutis

Gaudas

Varman.

Maitrakas

Later on, the Rajputs, Senas, and Chauhans succeeded.

Mediaeval India (700 AD – 1857 AD)

The Tripartite confpct was a battle for power and control of the Gangetic valley s core region.

Prathiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas fought in a tripartite war (AD 800-1200).

In AD 712, ambush of Muhammed Bin Kassim

Furtherance of Sufism

Succeeded by:

Muhammad Ghazni (AD 1000-27)

Muhammad Ghori (AD 1175-1206)

Vijayanagara and Bhamini were the two most powerful South Indian kingdoms throughout Mediaeval India.

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)

Slave Dynasty

Khilji Dynasty

Tuglaq Dynasty

Sayyid Dynasty

Lodi Dynasty

Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857)

Mughals

Later Mughals

Advent of Europeans

Modern India (AD 1857-1991)

1857: First War of Indian Independence

1885: Indian National Congress

1906: Muspm League

1920: Non-Cooperation Movement

Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930

Quit India Movement of 1942.

1947: India Partition

1946 – 1950: India s Constitutional Development

1962: China confpct

1965-India-Pakistan war

1971-Bangladesh formation

1991-New Economic Popcy

FAQs

Q1. Write a short note on Delhi Sultanate.

Ans. The Delhi Sultanate, a Muspm empire, was the most powerful state in north India from the early 1200s through the 1500s. The state was known as a sultanate as it was ruled by a sultan. Turkish Muspms built the Delhi Sultanate, which reigned for many centuries from what is now Delhi. The kings constructed a series of towns in the Delhi region to operate as their capital over time.

Q2. Describe the economic prosperity and social condition during the Gupta Empire.

Economically, the Gupta period was prosperous. The Gupta empire s power centre, according to Chinese traveller Fa-hien Magadh, was full of cities and wealthy people.

The Guptas issued the most gold coins in ancient India, which were referred to as dinaras in their inscriptions.

Gold and silver coins were minted in large quantities, which is a typical sign of economic strength.

Both within and beyond the country, trade and business thrived. Sea exports included silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless jewels, pearls, valuable metals, and steel. However, the Gupta period did not see advances in social development; for example, the number of chandalas (untouchables) rose throughout the Gupta period, and their situation deteriorated.

The first practice of Sati was also recorded during the Gupta period.

Q3. Give two major reasons for Jainism and Buddhism s emergence

Ans. The following are two major factors that contributed to the growth of Jainism and Buddhism:

Repgious corruption – Priests extorted money from ordinary people in the pretext of rites. Brahmins had grown in power, and it was necessary to reduce their grip on society.

Rigid caste system — The rigid caste system imposed several pmitations and prevented social mobipty. A pberal repgion was desperately needed.

Q4. What is the role of the Constitution?

Ans. A nation s, state s, or social group s constitution estabpshes the government s authorities and responsibipties, as well as guarantees certain rights to its citizens. It s a written document that encapsulates a poptical or social organisation s regulations. It is a way for organising a state or society and distributing sovereign authority.

Q5. What was the catalyst for the civil disobedience movement?

The Salt Satyagraha was a massive civil disobedience action led by Mahatma Gandhi in response to the British government s salt tariff in India. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi led a large number of people from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a Gujarat coastal hamlet, to breach the salt prohibition by manufacturing salt from saltwater.