- Warfare for Wealth
- Vedic life in India
- Vedic Age
- Varna system
- Vajji
- Upanishads
- Trade and traders
- The Wise Beggar- Upanishad
- The Value of Paper
- The system of Ashrams
- The study of skeletons
- Gautama Buddha
- The story of Kisagotami
- The Story of Baryga
- The spread of Buddhism
- The Silk Route
- The Second Urbanisation
- The sangha
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- The beginning of Bhakti
- The “achievements” of Nagabhata
- Six Schools of Indian Philosophy
- Samudragupta the warrior
- Oracle bones
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- Men as RULERS and KINGS
- Literature, art and books
- Legacy and Decline of the Gupta Empire
- Janapadas, Mahajanapadas
- Jainism
- Irrigation and villages during Ashoka
- Iron tools and agriculture in ancient India
- Inamgaon
- Harshavardhana and the Harshacharita
- Graves and Burials
- Early humans in INDIA (Locate)
- Ashoka’s war in Kalinga
- Ashoka’s inscription describing the Kalinga war
- Ashoka’s dhamma?
- Ashoka (a unique ruler)
- Arikamedu
- Archaeological evidences ?
- An Empire, Dynasty, and Kingdom
- Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari
- A poem about trade (class 6 NCERT)
- A description from the Silappadikaram
Mediveal Indian History
- Rise of Sultanate
- Zabt and Zamindars
- Who were the Tribal people?
- Who were the Mughals?
- The Watan Jagirs
- The tradition of Miniatures
- The three orders of Society
- The Rulers of Delhi
- The Reformation and Martin Luther
- The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century
- The Maratha Kingdom-Shivaji
- The Jats (1680)
- The Idea of Supreme God in Ancient India
- The Gonds- A Closer Look
- The circle of justice: What Minhaj–Siraj thought about Raziyya
- The Ahoms from Brahmaputra Valley
- The “lost wax” technique
- Temple towns and Pilgrimage centres (Thanjavur)
- Taxes on markets, Traders Big and Small
- Religion in India After the 13th Century
- Provincial Kingdoms of Medieval India
- PIRS and temples
- Sultan Muhammad Tughluq
- Officers’ List in Mughal Empire
- Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis - the religious groups
- Mughal Relations with Other Rulers
- Mughal Military Campaigns
- Mughal marriages with the Rajputs
- Mughal Empire [Babur, Humayun] & Sur Dynasty
- Mughal Empire – Babur
- Mughal Emperors, Mughal Traditions of Succession
- Mansabdars and Jagirdars
- Mamluk Dynasty
- List of Officers in Delhi Sultanate
- Later Mughals & Decline of Mughal Empire
- Khilji Dynasty
- Kathak- Heroic tradition
- Jagannatha Cult-Indian Tradition
- Islam and Sufism
- India under the Mughals
- Humayun (1530-1556)
- Heroism and Rajputs
- Gardens, tombs and forts during the Mughals
- From Garrison Town to Empire: The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
- FISH as food
- Early Medieval Southern India (Imperial Cholas)
- Early Medieval Northern India
- Chieftains and their fortifications
- Cheras and Malayalam Language
- Bhakti Movement (8th to 18th Century)
- Baba Guru Nanak
- Arab and Turkish Invasions
- Akbar Successors
- Akbar (1556-1605)
- Administration under the Delhi Sultanate
- A Closer Look: The Cholas
- A Closer Look: Administration and Consolidation under the Khaljis and Tughluqs
Modern India History
- What Happened to the Court Artists?
- Freedom is our Birth Right
- Classical dances in India
- Why the Demand for Indian Indigo?
- What Happened to the Local Schools?
- Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
- Tipu Sultan- The Tiger of Mysore
- The sword of Tipu Sultan and Wootz steel
- The Emergence of Nationalism
- Social Customs in the early 19th century
- The Rise of Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle
- The Regulating Act of 1773
- The Permanent Settlement of Bengal
- The Lucknow Pact, 1916
- The Government of India Act 1919
- The Charter Act 1853
- Subsidiary Alliance
- Revolutionaries in the Indian Freedom Movement
- Revolt of 1857 – First War of Independence Against British
- Popular Uprisings in the 18th and 19th Centuries -Politico-Religious Movements
- Popular uprisings against the British by deposed Chieftains and Landlords
- Poona Pact
- Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Rangpur Dhing
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Indigo Rebellion
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Deccan Riots of 1875
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan – Early Years, Partition, Arrest and Exile
- Indian National Movement – Extremist Period
- Indian National Congress Sessions
- Indian National Army (INA)/Azad Hind Fauj
- Indian Independence Act 1947
- Indian Councils Act 1892
- Indian Councils Act 1861
- India’s Struggle for Independence – Nana Saheb
- Important Indian Freedom Fighters - Lala Lajpat Rai
- Home Rule Movement
- Government of India Act 1935
- Government of India Act 1858
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- Dr. B R Ambedkar
- The Doctrine of Lapse
- Charter Act of 1833
- Charter Act of 1813
- Charter Act of 1793
- Causes of the Rise of the Indian National Movement
- Cabinet Mission
- C R Formula or Rajaji Formula (1944)
- Bhagat Singh – Background, Contributions, Execution
- Battle of Plassey
- Battle of Buxar
- Bardoli Satyagraha
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- August Offer
World History
- Athanaric
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- Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre.
- Great Wall of China and its convict-built protection.
- Ancient Egypt-Concept of life and death
- Nuclear Arms Race-Post World War II
- Witch hunts and the Catholic Church.
- Communities of the Caribbean and Brazil
- Korean Democracy and IMF Crisis
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- Establishing Democracy in China: 1949-65
- Rise of the Communist Party of China
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- The Meiji Restoration
- The Political System of Japan
- Ancient civilization and the use of weapons.
- Spain and Britain-Battle of the sea
- The Nagasaki Events and Hiroshima.
- Crusades and religions
- The decline of Feudalism
- Unification of Italy and Europe
- The age of Imperialism (1870-1914)
- The American Revolutionary War and its impact
- The emergence of the USA
- League of Nations
- How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
- Post-Lenin Russia
- Soviet Union (USSR)
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Civics
- Role of the Government in Health : Healthcare in India
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Anthropology
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- Marriage: Definition and universality
- Social stratification
- Ethnocentrism
- Rhodesian man
- Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
- Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes
- Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates
- Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy
- Characteristics of Primates
- Linguistic Anthropology.
- Archaeological Anthropology
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Sociology
- Sociological Network
- Objectivity and Reflexivity in Social Science
- Indian Sociological Thinkers
- Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism
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- Eco feminism
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- The idea of Indian village and village studies.
- Modernization of Indian tradition.
- Education and social change.
- Agents of social change.
- Sociological theories of social change.
- Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
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- Labour and society
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Performing Arts
- Odissi Dance
- Indian Classical Music – Hindustani
- Dhvani Siddhanta’ of Anandavardhanacharya
- Rasa and its constituent elements
- Sri Shankuka
- Bhatta Lollata
- Rasa Sutra of Bharata
- Nayaka–Nayika Bheda
- Natya, nritta and nritya
- Indian Classical Theatre
- Bharata’s Natyashastra
- Shilappadikaram: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Mahabharata: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Ramayana: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Cultural History of India
Biographies
- Benjamin Franklin
- Benazir Bhutto (1953 – 2007) Prime Minister of Pakistan 1993 – 1996
- Oprah Winfrey (1954 – ) American TV presenter, actress, entrepreneur
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827) German composer
- Lyndon Johnson (1908 – 1973) US President 1963 – 1969
- Rosa Parks (1913 – 2005) American civil rights activist
- Pope Francis (1936 – ) First pope from the Americas
- Queen Victoria ( 1819 – 1901) British monarch 1837 – 1901
- Paul McCartney (1942 – ) British musician, member of Beatles
- Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) British Prime Minister during WWII
- Muhammad Ali (1942 – 2016) American Boxer and civil rights campaigner
- Bill Gates (1955 – ) American businessman, founder of Microsoft
- Donald Trump (1946 – ) Businessman, US President
- John F. Kennedy (1917 – 1963) US President 1961 – 1963
- Marilyn Monroe (1926 – 1962) American actress, singer, model
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Italian, painter, scientist, polymath
- Walt Disney
- Lata Mangeshkar
- Indira Gandhi
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- Babur
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- William Shakespeare
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Thomas Jefferson
- Margaret Mead
- Robert K. Merton
- Talcott Parsons
- Emile Durkheim
- Karl Marx
History of Art
- Mycenaean Culture & Art: History & Influence:
- Amarna Period: Definition & Art:
- The Luxor Temple in Egypt: Facts & Overview
- Queen Hatshepsut: Facts, Accomplishments & Death
- Ancient Egyptian Sculptures & Paintings: Innovation & Examples
- Egyptian Pyramids: Definition, Facts & Structure:
- Funerary Beliefs, Practices & Temples in Ancient Egypt:
- The Pharaohs as Patrons of the Arts
- Ancient Egyptian Art & Architecture: History, Politics & Culture:
- Assyrian Art and Architecture
- Art of the Babylonians: Style, Examples & Achievements
- Mesopotamian Art During the Akkadian Dynasty & Neo-Sumerian Period
- Sumerian Art and Architecture
- Human & Animal Forms in the Art of the Ancient Near East:
- Representation of Spiritual Beliefs in the Art of the Ancient Near East
- Artworks of the Ancient Near East: Materials, Forms & Functions
- Use of Naturalism & Stylization in Mesopotamian Art
- Art of the Ancient Near East: Periods & Characteristics:
- Mesopotamia: Culture, Facts & History:
- Art in the Neolithic Era: Innovations, Characteristics & Examples
- Cave Painting: History & Pictures:
- Art in the Upper Paleolithic Era: Examples & Style
- What Is a Medium in Art: Definition & Terms
- What is Western Civilization? - Definition & Overview
- Why do Humans Make Art? - History & Value
- What is Art History? - Definition & Overview
Introduction
The term Feud has a German origin; it means a piece of land. In Medieval Europe, the absence of any central power created a society where confpcts were common among small forces. People who had more lands and resources were seen as more powerful. Church also became of the major powers in that era. Medieval European society has been termed a Feudal society by scholars pke Bloch.
The term Feudapsm describes the social and economic relationship of medieval society. Feudal structures were found in France, England Germany and Italy. The land was the main source of power and other feudal lords went to wars for Land control. Lords of the land often provided a small portion of their lands to nobles for their support and in exchange for their miptary services. To whom the land was granted was known as a Vassal. Feudapsm in the economic sense meant an agricultural relationship between Peasants and Lords. Peasants cultivated their one lands as well as their lord s land and in exchange, they received miptary protection from the lord. The lord also acted as the judiciary of his subjects. Feudapsm had its roots in the Ancient Roman Empire, but it spread to the whole of Europe in the 11th century.
What is Feudapsm?
Feudapsm has been originated from the German word ‘Feud’ which means ‘A piece of land.
Historians have described medieval European society as a feudal society.
Feudapsm is a social relationship, which is based on land. It defines the relationship between a lord and peasants, who work on the land of lords and in return he gets security.
The feudal society emerged due to a lack of any strong central authority and many small rulers or lords started occupying land and resources.
There were many wars fought for the lands.
Between the 9th and the 15th century, Feudapsm was prevalent in European countries pke England, France, Germany and Italy.
Rulers often had Vassals with whom they provide a piece of land for miptary help.
French scholar Baloch described peasants as an integral part of feudal society.
Origin of Feudapsm
After the fall of the Roman empire, the poptical units of Europe were fragmented and thus many new small rulers and Lords emerged and gain control of the land.
Between the 5th century and 15th century the social relation of Europe was based on the relationship between Lord, Vassal and Peasants.
Vassals were nobles who helped rulers in administration and provided warriors and soldiers and in exchange, the ruler gave them a piece of land.
The peasants were obpged to provide service to their lords, Men used to work in fields and women and children used to work in the castles.
In England, Feudapsm was at its peak in the 12th century, when the king had absolute power. He was the owner of all of the lands and all the nobles, knights, vassals and peasants merely held the lands and they work for the king.
In France, the 11th century was a period of Feudal revolution and fragmentation of big empires. It was completely different from other European countries pke England and Germany.
Roots of Feudapsm could be found in Ancient Rome, during the time of French king Charlemagne.
Development in The 19th and 20th Centuries
In the 19th century, Marx and Engels in their theory defined the Middle Ages as the feudal society or feudal mode of production.
According to Marx, feudal society came after primitive society and later capitapsm and sociapsm.
Marx defined feudal society as exploitative for peasants, here lords with control of all the lands merely used peasants as a tool of production.
Madox and Bloch saw feudapsm as a feudal society where peasants were as subject to the rupng warrior class and the warriors were compensated in the land, not money.
American historian Joseph Strayer saw feudapsm as a precursor of the modern nation-state.
Criticism of Feudapsm
There were many ill effects of feudapsm, some of them are the following −
Feudapsm discouraged the unification or formation of any big poptical entity. The feudal lords often spanided the lands among themselves and declare themselves free.
Feudapsm stopped the formation of any big kingdom because the landlords swore their loyalty to those lords who gave them land, not to the king.
There was no sense of allegiance to a single country, small lords often fought with each other and knights often fought for the nobles who gave them more money and lands.
In feudal society, there was negpgible trade and growth happened. This was the reason the medieval period was known as the dark age. There was no trade and interaction of common folks with other communities.
Lords and Vassals often misused their power and they exploited the peasants for their comfort.
Feudapsm gave rise to social inequapty; the position of nobles and Vassals were made hereditary and the same was for other class. The peasants were treated badly and they were considered inferior to nobles.
Conclusion
The term feudapsm has to be originated from the feud, which means a piece of land. It has also gained its meaning from the ‘fief’ which means land. Historians pke Bloch have described feudapsm as a feudal society. The feudal society consists of Peasants, Vassals and Rulers. Feudapsm is a social arrangement between lord and peasant. Economically the relationship was based on agriculture and the peasants would practice agriculture on the lands given to them as well as on the lands of lords. In exchange for the services of Peasants, the lords gave them miptary protection. Feudapsm was a system of government where it lacked bureaucracy and all the actions were directly taken by the ruler. Mounted soldiers and the Vassals were only the only instruments of administration other than the king.
FAQs
Q1. What were the effects of feudapsm?
Ans. Feudapsm had many ill effects, some of them are −
Lack of poptical unity.
No trade and development.
Inequapty.
The exploitation of peasants.
Q2. When was the first feudal society emerged in Europe?
Ans. Feudapsm was introduced in Ancient Rome in the 8th century by the french king Charlemagne.
Q3. How Bloch described feudapsm in medieval Europe?
Ans. Bloch described the period between the 9th century to the 14the century as a feudal society. He described society based on social relations, hierarchy, land management and popular culture.
Q4. Who was the major shareholders of medieval Europe?
Ans. In medieval Europe, the main shareholder of land was feudal lords, and their vassals and another major power was Church. Church had its land where it enjoyed full control.
Q5. What were the three orders in medieval Europe?
Ans. Medieval Europe was classified into three orders by historians, there were, Peasants, landholder nobles and priests.