- Warfare for Wealth
- Vedic life in India
- Vedic Age
- Varna system
- Vajji
- Upanishads
- Trade and traders
- The Wise Beggar- Upanishad
- The Value of Paper
- The system of Ashrams
- The study of skeletons
- Gautama Buddha
- The story of Kisagotami
- The Story of Baryga
- The spread of Buddhism
- The Silk Route
- The Second Urbanisation
- The sangha
- The iron pillar
- The beginning of Bhakti
- The “achievements” of Nagabhata
- Six Schools of Indian Philosophy
- Samudragupta the warrior
- Oracle bones
- New Social and Political Groups traces from history
- New kingdoms along the coasts
- New and Old Terminologies used in History
- Monasteries
- Men as RULERS and KINGS
- Literature, art and books
- Legacy and Decline of the Gupta Empire
- Janapadas, Mahajanapadas
- Jainism
- Irrigation and villages during Ashoka
- Iron tools and agriculture in ancient India
- Inamgaon
- Harshavardhana and the Harshacharita
- Graves and Burials
- Early humans in INDIA (Locate)
- Ashoka’s war in Kalinga
- Ashoka’s inscription describing the Kalinga war
- Ashoka’s dhamma?
- Ashoka (a unique ruler)
- Arikamedu
- Archaeological evidences ?
- An Empire, Dynasty, and Kingdom
- Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari
- A poem about trade (class 6 NCERT)
- A description from the Silappadikaram
Mediveal Indian History
- Rise of Sultanate
- Zabt and Zamindars
- Who were the Tribal people?
- Who were the Mughals?
- The Watan Jagirs
- The tradition of Miniatures
- The three orders of Society
- The Rulers of Delhi
- The Reformation and Martin Luther
- The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century
- The Maratha Kingdom-Shivaji
- The Jats (1680)
- The Idea of Supreme God in Ancient India
- The Gonds- A Closer Look
- The circle of justice: What Minhaj–Siraj thought about Raziyya
- The Ahoms from Brahmaputra Valley
- The “lost wax” technique
- Temple towns and Pilgrimage centres (Thanjavur)
- Taxes on markets, Traders Big and Small
- Religion in India After the 13th Century
- Provincial Kingdoms of Medieval India
- PIRS and temples
- Sultan Muhammad Tughluq
- Officers’ List in Mughal Empire
- Nathpanthis, Siddhas, and Yogis - the religious groups
- Mughal Relations with Other Rulers
- Mughal Military Campaigns
- Mughal marriages with the Rajputs
- Mughal Empire [Babur, Humayun] & Sur Dynasty
- Mughal Empire – Babur
- Mughal Emperors, Mughal Traditions of Succession
- Mansabdars and Jagirdars
- Mamluk Dynasty
- List of Officers in Delhi Sultanate
- Later Mughals & Decline of Mughal Empire
- Khilji Dynasty
- Kathak- Heroic tradition
- Jagannatha Cult-Indian Tradition
- Islam and Sufism
- India under the Mughals
- Humayun (1530-1556)
- Heroism and Rajputs
- Gardens, tombs and forts during the Mughals
- From Garrison Town to Empire: The Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
- FISH as food
- Early Medieval Southern India (Imperial Cholas)
- Early Medieval Northern India
- Chieftains and their fortifications
- Cheras and Malayalam Language
- Bhakti Movement (8th to 18th Century)
- Baba Guru Nanak
- Arab and Turkish Invasions
- Akbar Successors
- Akbar (1556-1605)
- Administration under the Delhi Sultanate
- A Closer Look: The Cholas
- A Closer Look: Administration and Consolidation under the Khaljis and Tughluqs
Modern India History
- What Happened to the Court Artists?
- Freedom is our Birth Right
- Classical dances in India
- Why the Demand for Indian Indigo?
- What Happened to the Local Schools?
- Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
- Tipu Sultan- The Tiger of Mysore
- The sword of Tipu Sultan and Wootz steel
- The Emergence of Nationalism
- Social Customs in the early 19th century
- The Rise of Gandhi in Indian Freedom Struggle
- The Regulating Act of 1773
- The Permanent Settlement of Bengal
- The Lucknow Pact, 1916
- The Government of India Act 1919
- The Charter Act 1853
- Subsidiary Alliance
- Revolutionaries in the Indian Freedom Movement
- Revolt of 1857 – First War of Independence Against British
- Popular Uprisings in the 18th and 19th Centuries -Politico-Religious Movements
- Popular uprisings against the British by deposed Chieftains and Landlords
- Poona Pact
- Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Rangpur Dhing
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Indigo Rebellion
- Peasant Movements in the 19th Century – Deccan Riots of 1875
- Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan – Early Years, Partition, Arrest and Exile
- Indian National Movement – Extremist Period
- Indian National Congress Sessions
- Indian National Army (INA)/Azad Hind Fauj
- Indian Independence Act 1947
- Indian Councils Act 1892
- Indian Councils Act 1861
- India’s Struggle for Independence – Nana Saheb
- Important Indian Freedom Fighters - Lala Lajpat Rai
- Home Rule Movement
- Government of India Act 1935
- Government of India Act 1858
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- Dr. B R Ambedkar
- The Doctrine of Lapse
- Charter Act of 1833
- Charter Act of 1813
- Charter Act of 1793
- Causes of the Rise of the Indian National Movement
- Cabinet Mission
- C R Formula or Rajaji Formula (1944)
- Bhagat Singh – Background, Contributions, Execution
- Battle of Plassey
- Battle of Buxar
- Bardoli Satyagraha
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- August Offer
World History
- Athanaric
- Atahualpa
- Asuka Period
- Astarte
- Aspasia of Miletus
- Artemisia I of Caria
- Artemis
- Artaxiad Dynasty
- Artaxerxes I
- Artashat
- Arslan Tash Amulet
- French Anti Slavery Pamphlet
- Apartheid- Elaborate on the end of the system.
- Boston Tea Party and the Boston Massacre.
- Great Wall of China and its convict-built protection.
- Ancient Egypt-Concept of life and death
- Nuclear Arms Race-Post World War II
- Witch hunts and the Catholic Church.
- Communities of the Caribbean and Brazil
- Korean Democracy and IMF Crisis
- Korean War
- Establishing Democracy in China: 1949-65
- Rise of the Communist Party of China
- Civil wars of China
- Opium Wars
- The Meiji Restoration
- The Political System of Japan
- Ancient civilization and the use of weapons.
- Spain and Britain-Battle of the sea
- The Nagasaki Events and Hiroshima.
- Crusades and religions
- The decline of Feudalism
- Unification of Italy and Europe
- The age of Imperialism (1870-1914)
- The American Revolutionary War and its impact
- The emergence of the USA
- League of Nations
- How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
- Post-Lenin Russia
- Soviet Union (USSR)
- Rise of Fascism in Italy & Nazism in Germany
- Decolonization Phase After World War II
- Aftermath & Analysis of World War II
- Causes & Course of World War II
- Democratic reforms in the Middle East
- Arab nationalism
- Israel and Palestine
- Cold War: Impact on India
- Integration of Europe post-Cold War
- Rise of global Islamic terrorism
- Rise of China
- Marxian Communism
- Communism (concept, types, example)
- Criticisms of Capitalism
- History of Capitalism
- Capitalism (concept, types, and example)
- The attitude towards women during the early 19th Century
- The agenda for national education
- Reign of Mongols
- The Changing World of Visual arts
- Age of Social Change in Europe
- Urbanism in Mesopotamian Civilization
- The Umayyads
- The Rise of Islam in Arabia
- The Caliphate system
- The Abolition of Slavery in French Colonies
- The Abbasid Revolution
- Socialism in Europe
- Russian Society before the revolution
- Roman Empire
- Women, Caste and Reform
- Prehistory
- Pastoralists in the Plateaus, Plains and Deserts
- Pastoralists in the mountain ranges
- Pastoralism in Africa
- Modernization in Korea
- Modernisation in Japan
- Modernization in China
- Mesopotamia and its Geography
- Industrial revolution in Britain
- Importance of History
- Hunter-Gatherers in Africa
- Humanism
- Genghis Khan
- French society in the 18th century
- French revolution
- France becomes a republic
- Feudalism
- Features of Mesopotamian Civilization
- Evolution of man
- Evolution of human beings
- Effects of colonial rule
- Early humans and their lifestyle
- Early humans and the making of tools
- Cultural changes in Europe
- Chronology BC and CE
- Cave paintings (France)
- Administration in France after the revolution
Civics
- Role of the Government in Health : Healthcare in India
- Urban Livelihoods
- Rural Livelihoods
- Rural Administration
- Panchayati Raj
- Elements of a Democratic Government
- The Government
- Diversity and discrimination
Anthropology
- Reflexivity
- Shamanism
- Ethnography
- Marriage payments : bride wealth and dowry
- Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive)
- Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo)
- Marriage: Definition and universality
- Social stratification
- Ethnocentrism
- Rhodesian man
- Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
- Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes
- Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates
- Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy
- Characteristics of Primates
- Linguistic Anthropology.
- Archaeological Anthropology
- Biological Anthropology
- Social-cultural Anthropology
Sociology
- Sociological Network
- Objectivity and Reflexivity in Social Science
- Indian Sociological Thinkers
- Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism
- Hermeneutic and Interpretative Traditions
- Parenting in LGBT families
- Intergenerational marriage
- Mass media harassment
- Character representation in Kids’ cartoons
- Online dating; the positive and negative effects
- How the social media aided the “black lives matter” campaign
- Eco feminism
- Tribal communities in India
- The idea of Indian village and village studies.
- Modernization of Indian tradition.
- Education and social change.
- Agents of social change.
- Sociological theories of social change.
- Patriarchy and sexual division of labour.
- Systems of Kinship
- Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults
- Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
- Labour and society
- Formal and informal organization of work
- Social organization
- Social mobility
- Theories of social stratification
Performing Arts
- Odissi Dance
- Indian Classical Music – Hindustani
- Dhvani Siddhanta’ of Anandavardhanacharya
- Rasa and its constituent elements
- Sri Shankuka
- Bhatta Lollata
- Rasa Sutra of Bharata
- Nayaka–Nayika Bheda
- Natya, nritta and nritya
- Indian Classical Theatre
- Bharata’s Natyashastra
- Shilappadikaram: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Mahabharata: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Ramayana: In terms of content, characters, and relevance to Indian Theatrical Practice
- Cultural History of India
Biographies
- Benjamin Franklin
- Benazir Bhutto (1953 – 2007) Prime Minister of Pakistan 1993 – 1996
- Oprah Winfrey (1954 – ) American TV presenter, actress, entrepreneur
- Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827) German composer
- Lyndon Johnson (1908 – 1973) US President 1963 – 1969
- Rosa Parks (1913 – 2005) American civil rights activist
- Pope Francis (1936 – ) First pope from the Americas
- Queen Victoria ( 1819 – 1901) British monarch 1837 – 1901
- Paul McCartney (1942 – ) British musician, member of Beatles
- Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) British Prime Minister during WWII
- Muhammad Ali (1942 – 2016) American Boxer and civil rights campaigner
- Bill Gates (1955 – ) American businessman, founder of Microsoft
- Donald Trump (1946 – ) Businessman, US President
- John F. Kennedy (1917 – 1963) US President 1961 – 1963
- Marilyn Monroe (1926 – 1962) American actress, singer, model
- Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Italian, painter, scientist, polymath
- Walt Disney
- Lata Mangeshkar
- Indira Gandhi
- Jawahar Lal Nehru
- Babur
- Aristotle
- Galileo Galilei
- Enid Blyton
- Christopher Columbus
- Simon Bolivar
- Stephen Hawking
- Sir Isaac Newton
- Alfred Nobel
- Marie Curie
- Alexander Fleming
- Charles Darwin
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- M.K. Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi)
- Socrates
- George Washington
- Benito Mussolini
- Adolf Hitler
- Abraham Lincoln
- Martin Luther King
- William Shakespeare
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Thomas Jefferson
- Margaret Mead
- Robert K. Merton
- Talcott Parsons
- Emile Durkheim
- Karl Marx
History of Art
- Mycenaean Culture & Art: History & Influence:
- Amarna Period: Definition & Art:
- The Luxor Temple in Egypt: Facts & Overview
- Queen Hatshepsut: Facts, Accomplishments & Death
- Ancient Egyptian Sculptures & Paintings: Innovation & Examples
- Egyptian Pyramids: Definition, Facts & Structure:
- Funerary Beliefs, Practices & Temples in Ancient Egypt:
- The Pharaohs as Patrons of the Arts
- Ancient Egyptian Art & Architecture: History, Politics & Culture:
- Assyrian Art and Architecture
- Art of the Babylonians: Style, Examples & Achievements
- Mesopotamian Art During the Akkadian Dynasty & Neo-Sumerian Period
- Sumerian Art and Architecture
- Human & Animal Forms in the Art of the Ancient Near East:
- Representation of Spiritual Beliefs in the Art of the Ancient Near East
- Artworks of the Ancient Near East: Materials, Forms & Functions
- Use of Naturalism & Stylization in Mesopotamian Art
- Art of the Ancient Near East: Periods & Characteristics:
- Mesopotamia: Culture, Facts & History:
- Art in the Neolithic Era: Innovations, Characteristics & Examples
- Cave Painting: History & Pictures:
- Art in the Upper Paleolithic Era: Examples & Style
- What Is a Medium in Art: Definition & Terms
- What is Western Civilization? - Definition & Overview
- Why do Humans Make Art? - History & Value
- What is Art History? - Definition & Overview
Introduction
The poptical structure of France transformed in an aftermath of the French Revolution, from an absolute monarchy to a democratic repubpc. This repubpcan phase of France witnessed the fall of the monarchy, the formation of the National Assembly, the Reign of terror, and Directory rule.
France became the first repubpc in September 1792. This First repubpc continued till the coming of the First Empire or Napoleonic France in May 1804 under Napoleon Bonaparte. There were five repubpcs in France after the declaration of the revolution, from 1792 to the present day. The emergence of France as a repubpc had to undergo many structural changes in the poptical system with the dominance of the different sections of society at different times.
How France Became a Repubpc
When King Louis XVI came to the power, the discontent in french society increased against the Ancient Regime, which paved the way for the French Revolution. As a result of this revolution, a new constitution was formed by the National Convention in 1791, in which the power of the king was restricted with the setting up of the constitutional monarchy, and fundamental rights were guaranteed to citizens. In 1792 this constitutional monarchy also came to an end with the abdication of the monarch. Afterwards, the French repubpc was estabpshed in 1792 by the newly elected members of the National Assembly, which unanimously declared France a repubpc. But the newly formed government faced both internal and external problems that led to poptical instabipty.
Taking advantage of this poptical instabipty, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention, and with this reign of terror began in France, which witnessed the mass slaughter and massive violence throughout the nation. This situation and the Jacobin repubpc came to end 1n 1794 with the seizure of power by the middle class, forming the Directory rules in France.
However, there were frequent confpcts even during the directory rule, which resulted in the beginning of the French Consulate headed by Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul, who later declared himself as the Emperor of France, and estabpshed the First Empire by ending the First French Repubpc.
Helping Factors
The French Revolution overthrew the tyrannical, autocratic rulers and estabpshed new poptical and social systems based on the principles of equapty, pberty, and fraternity. Democratic repubpc became the new form of government.
There were several reasons and events that set the stage for France to become a repubpc −
Replacement of the absolute monarchy with the Constitutional monarchy
End of the monarchy and the formation of the National Convention
Regin of Terror
Directory Rule
Replacement of the Absolute Monarchy With The Constitutional Monarchy
Assembly came up with a new constitution in 1791, in which the power of the king was confined with a check by the parpament. Now the power was distributed between the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. This poptical structure came to be known as the constitutional monarchy. In this system, voting right was given to active citizens, who used to pay high taxes. Whereas. The passive citizens, who could not pay high taxes, and women were not allowed to vote. In this constitution, human rights such as freedom of speech, opinion, and equapty before the law, were considered natural rights, which were given to all human beings irrespective of their birth and class. It was the duty of the state to protect these rights for all humans.
End of The Monarchy and the Formation of the National Convention
King Louis XVI was not happy with the minimization of his power even though he signed the constitution. Therefore, he started negotiating secretly with the rulers of other countries, who were also worried about the development of the f revolution in France. So the neighboring countries Austria and Prussia agreed to help him in order to suppress the revolt. Reapzing the planning of King Louis and his alpes, the National Assembly declared war against these countries in 1792.
People from different provinces volunteered to join French revolutionaries to fight against the monarchy and nobipty for the estabpshment of people’s supremacy. These revolutionary wars brought massive destruction, especially to common people. And people opined that the revolution should be continued as the new constitution did not give rights to all sections of society. Subsequently, many poptical clubs became important elements of the poptical structure for the discussion of government popcies and making plans of action. One such poptical club was Jacobins- which comprised the so-called passive citizens pke peasants, laborers, and artisans.
In 1792, Tuileries palace was attacked by the Jacobins which led to the capture of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. After that, they conducted an election for the new assembly, which came to be known as National Convention on September 21, 1792. Now in this election, all males above the age of 21 years were given the right to vote regardless of their economic background. This phenomenon marked the end of the constitutional monarchy and the emergence of France as a repubpc. Later, the king and queen were executed in 1793.
Reign of Terror
After France was declared a repubpc, the Jacobins became the dominant club. This club was headed by Maximipen Robespierre, who initiated the reign of terror in France with harsh punishments and control from 1793-1794.
In this period, people suspected of being enemies of the repubpc and revolution were executed. He banned other poptical clubs in order to retain the dominance of the Jacobins. A device called ‘Guillotine’ was made to behead the “enemies”. Gradually the head of the Jacobin club, Robespierre became authoritative, which made the French people to revolt against his reign and ultimately the execution of Robespierre.
Directory Rule
After the fall of the Jacobin government, the wealthier middle class again rose to power. They made a new constitution, in which they again gave voting rights only to the propertied section of the society. With this, the provision of two legislative councils came into being. Along with this, they appointed a Directory, an executive body of five members for decision-making instead of concentrating power in hands of one executive pke Jacobins. But this sharing of power to different institutions and organs created frequent confpcts between the legislative and Directory. These confpcts again generated poptical instabipty in France and ultimately set the stage for Napoleon Bonaparte to come to power by overthrowing the Directory rule, later crowned himself as the Emperor of France thus initiating the despotic monarchy once again.
Conclusion
Following the years of the French Revolution, France had to go through a series of changes in poptical structure, these changes comprised the fall of the absolute monarchy with King Louis XVI at first then the rise of constitutional monarchy, Jacobin government, rule of Directory and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte as the Emperor. In these changes, the idea of nationapsm was popularized and the principles of pberty, equapty, and fraternity inspired not just France but also the whole of Europe and beyond. The aristocracy lost its privileges and the Feudal structure of the society came to an end.
FAQs
Q1. What does ‘Repubpc’ mean?
Ans. Repubpc refers to a state where the head of the State is elected directly or indirectly by citizens of that state. And the post of the head is not hereditary.
Q2. Why were people dissatisfied with the rule of King Loius XVI?
Ans. There were several reasons for the dissatisfaction of people during king Louis XVI s reign −
France had spent a fortune on wars in Europe since Louis XVI’s reign.
The luxurious pfestyle of the king put a strain on the royal treasury.
The king enjoyed absolute power with no accountabipty to the people.
The economy was on the verge of bankruptcy, for which the king raised new taxes on the Third Estate.
Q3. Where was King Louis XVI executed?
Ans. On January 21, 1793 king Louis XVI was guillotined in the palace da la Revolution in Paris.
Q4. Who constituted the wealthier middle class in French society?
Ans. This class included merchants, industriapsts, professionals, and intellectuals.
Q5. When did Napoleon Bonaparte declare himself the Emperor of France?
Ans. Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as an emperor of France on May 18, 1804.