Introduction

A very new class of Indian national leaders emerged at the very beginning of the 20th century. This class of leaders were different from the existing ones in their inspanidual and unique thoughts. The main reason behind the emergence of extremists was several pmitations of moderate leaders. Approaches of the moderate leaders toward the British ruler were found non-effective.

Causes of Rising Extremists

There are certain causes that lead the Indians to accept an aggressive approach against the British rulers.

The first reason was all moderate leaders’ failure in getting fruitful results from the existing British rulers.

Limitations of the moderate leaders in proposing the necessary requirement led the then-young leaders to take an aggressive approach (Tiwari, 2019).

In 1905, the decisions regarding the partition of Bengal influenced directly the emotions of Indians. This incident brings the true colour of the British in front of the common people.

Indians got angry because of Lord Carson s disdain regarding any Indian things. This is a huge cause of resentment among Indians.

Some leaders bepeved that moderate leaders’ main intention was to create an India in a westernised way.

At that specific time, the revival of national pride was concerning among all leaders.

Spiritual nationapsm was growing at that time and this influenced the extremist leaders to take a step against British rule.

In 1903, the Delhi Durbar was held and the Indians had not recovered then from famine.

The external world’s poptical disruption and the emergence of war-pke situations have also created a sense of change among extremist leaders.

Successful repulsion of Abyssinia in 1896 influences Indians leaders.

Some other national movements such as those of Turkey, Persia and Egypt have also motivated Indian leaders to take aggressive actions against the British.

Surat Sppt

The surat sppt was a great concern of that time in the Indian poptical field and in social changes as well. The main aspect of this incident was the emerging differences between extremists and moderates regarding the approaches toward the British. INC’s surat session in 1907 was the most important one in this regard. This meeting was proposed to be held in Nagpur.

A confpct between the moderates and the extremists was raised about the leaders. Bal Gangadhar Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai was the choice of extremists whereas; the moderates choice was Rash Behari Ghosh. There was a certain rule about the selection of the precedent. No president of INC can be from any home province. This aspect creates difficulties for Tilak, as his home province was Bombay. The resolution of swadeshi, national education and boycott movements were dropped by the moderates (Bhat, 2022). In the Surat session, Rash Behari Ghosh was selected as the president. Both these two different parties were enraged and the core intention of holding this meeting was fully destroyed.

Popular Extremist Leaders

The three most popular extremist leaders were together known as “Lal-Bal-Pal”. They were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal. In Punjab, Bengal and Bombay, extremist approaches were carried on by these three rulers (Tiwari, 2019). There were some other leaders as well, namely VOC Pillai, A K Dutt, Aurobindo Ghosh and some more.

Methods, Followed by Extremist Leaders

The goal of extremist leaders was to achieve swaraj. The extremist leaders integrally evolved a wider range of Indians. Each extremist leader possesses pride in Indian culture, history and own uniqueness. No such constitutional methods were adopted by these leaders in achieving theirs. All extremists bepeve in direct confrontation rather than persuasion. The almost-dead swadeshi movement regained and gathered the necessary momentum because of the active participation of extremists.

Government Reaction Towards Extremists

The then British government was angered by the approaches and direct attack of extremist leaders and therefore several laws were passed against them.