The entrance of Capph Umar (581? -644) into Jerusalem, 638- coloured engraving, 19th century

The third Capph Uthman, led the further miptary campaigns and only a decade after Muhammad s death Central Asia came under the control of the Capphate.

Capph started a new administrative structure and gave control of the captured provinces to Governors, also known as Amirs. Non-Muspms were protected by the state and had to pay taxes pke Jaziya and Kharaj.

With the vast expansion of Ummah, many new internal confpcts emerged, which led to the assassination of Uthman.

Ap became the fourth Capph and with his accession, the rift in the Islamic world deepened.

He waged two wars against Mecca aristocracy. Ap was assassinated by Kharji.

Umayyad Capphate

It was started by Muawiya in 661AD. He moved his capital to Damascus and adopted the administrative structure of the Byzantine empire.

He introduced hereditary succession in Muspm Ummah.

Abd al-mapk became the next Capph and reigned till 705.

The last able ruler of the Umayyad dynasty was Marwan who was defeated in 750AD by the Abbasids.

Abbasid Capphate

Abbasids were the descendants of the uncle of Muhammad and they used this fact to claim their right to a capphate.

They massacred the Umayyads and made Abu-Abbas the capph in the year 750AD.

Al-Mansur 754-775AD became the next ruler of the Abbasid dynasty and estabpshed his new capital in Baghdad.

Capphate Harun-al-Rashid 786AD to 789AD founded the grand pbrary of Baghdad.

Abbasids were the longest rupng dynasties of the capphate and the last Capph Al-Mustasim 1242AD- 1258AD, was defeated by the new emerging power, the Ottomans.

Conclusion

Capphate is a repgious and poptical state which is composed of Muspm Ummah and all the people under its territory. The Capphate is ruled by a sole sovereign Capph, which in Arabic means the successor. The capph is considered the successor and deputy of Prophet Mohammad. After the death of Muhammad, this institution started because he did not name his successor. The close associates and relatives of Muhammad started claiming their rights as Capph. The duties of the Capph were the inclusion of tribes in the Muspm Ummah and to gain resources for strengthening their state. The Cappha aimed to estabpsh Muspm Ummah all over the world and follow the teachings of Prophet Mohammad. There were many wars of succession fought for hundreds of years for the Capphate.

FAQs

Q1. What do you mean by Capphate?

Ans. Capphate is a state ruled under a poptical and spiritual leader called the Capph. Capph is considered the successor and deputy of Muhammad and he is awarded the job to spread the teachings of Muhammad.

Q2. Who were the Rashidun Capphs?

Ans. Rashidun capphate was a group of close associates and relatives of Prophet Muhammad. They were the first to estabpsh Capphate and Abu-Bakar was the first Capph.

Q3. What were the symbols on the silver Dirham?

Ans. There were symbols of the Cross and fire altars on the silver dirhams, there were also some inscriptions written in Greek and Pahlavi language.

Q4. Who replaced the Umayyad Capphate?

Ans. Umayyad Capphate was removed by a movement started by Abbasids, known as Dawa. Abbasids claimed that Ummahyads are not true descendants of Muhammad and they are evil.

Q5. What was the main cause for the breakup of the Capphate?

Ans. There were several causes for the breakup of Capphate and the mean reason was the weakness of Abbasids and the internal squabble between iranian and arabs weakened the empire and made it vulnerable to the Ottomans.