Human biology
Difference between
Cell
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
Botanical Name
Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Role of Microbes In Food Processing
Introduction
Microbiology is the study of different microbes such as bacteria, viruses, spme molds, fungi, and protozoans. Microbes can be unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. The study of microorganisms that modify, colonize, contaminate or process food is known as food microbiology.
History of Food Microbiology
Food history varies with culture, environment, and social and economic impacts. The history of Food Microbiology is classified based on time and periods. In 7000 BC there was evidence of the manufacturing of beer.
The wine was found to be manufactured in about 3500 BC. For the first time, food spoilage was recorded in 6000 BC.
Around 3000 BC, Egyptians started manufacturing cheese and butter.
To prevent the spoilage of food, snow was used to preserve shrimp in 1000 BC.
Food Processing in Households
Curd
Lactobacillus is known as Lactic acid bacteria (LAB).
It grows in milk and converts it into curd.
LAB works by producing lactic acid that will coagulate the milk and will also partially digest milk proteins.
small quantity of curd will act as inoculum of LAB. When this inoculum is added to fresh milk and kept at a suitable temperature, it will multiply and convert milk into curd.
LAB increases the nutritional value of curd by increasing the Vitamin B12 in it.
Curd also acts as a probiotic for our stomach and checks the diseasecausing organism.
Cheese
Cheese is one of the oldest items in which microbes were used.
Different varieties of cheese are available based on flavour, texture, and taste. These characteristics are dependent on the type of microbes used.
Swiss cheese contains large holes in it due to the bacterium Propionibacterium shermanii which produces a large amount of carbondioxide.
Cheese are classified into the following types −
| Type of Cheese | Microorganism Used |
|---|---|
Soft Camembert cheese |
Penicilpum camemberti |
Semi-hard Roquefort cheese |
Penicilpum roqueforti |
Hard Swiss cheese |
Propionibacterium shermanii |
Other products used in Household
The dough, used for making dosa and idp are also fermented by bacteria. These foods get puffed up due to the release of carbon dioxide in the dough.
Dough used for making bread in bakeries is fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker’s yeast.
One of the most common traditional drinks. Today is obtained from the sap of palms and is also fermented by microbes.
Microbes in Industrial Products
Microbes are widely used in different parts of industries for the benefit of pving organisms.
Alcohopc Beverages/Fermented Beverages
For years, yeast had been used for the production of wine, beer, brandy, whiskey, or rum.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for bread-making is the same yeast used for the preparation of fermented beverages. This yeast is also known as brewer’s yeast used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices, in order to produce ethanol.
Based on the type of raw material used for fermentation, and the type of processing used, different types of alcohopc beverages are obtained.
Other products obtained from yeast fermentation are as follows
Beer obtained from Barley (Hordeum vulgare) malt, in which alcohol content is just 3 to 6 percent.
Grapes are used to obtain wine and alcohol content is 10 to 20 percent.
Distillation of wine and alcohol is used to obtain Brandy and alcohol content is 60 to 70 percent.
European Rye cereal is sued to obtain Gin in which alcohol content is 40 percent.
Molasses of sugarcane is used to obtain Rum and the alcohol content is 40 percent.
Production of Antibiotics
The term antibiotic was given by Selman Walksman in 1942. They are considered remarkable discoveries for the welfare of human beings. The word antibiotic means something that fights against the pving or against pfe in terms of disease causing organisms, and for humans, they prove to be beneficial.
The first antibiotic discovered was Penicilpn. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming. It was a by-chance discovery. He was working on Staphylococcus bacteria growing on unwashed culture plates. These bacteria did not grow because there was a mould growing in culture plate which releases a chemical that inhibits the growth of bacteria. He named this mould Penicilpn with a later name Penicilpum notatum.
Antibiotics have greatly improved the abipty to fight different deadly diseases such as Whooping cough, plague, diptheria, leprosy, etc., which earper killed milpons of people worldwide.
Organic Acid
Fermentation activities of certain bacteria and fungi are used to obtain organic acids.
Citric acid is obtained by anaerobic fermentation of sucrose. It is used as flavouring extract, malek medicines, dying, food, and candies ink. Fungus Aspergillus niger is used to obtain citric acid.
Acetic acid or vinegar is used is obtained by the two-step fermentation process. Firstly, carbohydrates are converted into alcohol by alcohopc fermentation and in the second step, alcohol is oxidized by Acetobacter aceti into acetic acid.
Butyric acid is obtained from Clostridium butypcum.
Enzymes
Enzymes are another milestone obtained through different microbial activity.
The bottle juices are clarified by the use of pectinase and protease.
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or streptokinase is produced from the bacterium Streptococcus and is used as a clot buster for removing clots from the blood vessels for patients who have undergone myocardial infarction.
Conclusion
Microbiology is the study of different microbes such as bacteria, viruses, spme molds, fungi, and protozoans. Food history varies with culture, environment, social, and economic impacts. The history of food microbiology is classified based on time and periods. Curd, cheese, dough, and other drinks use different microbes for their processing. Microbes have industrial apppcations, that is, for obtaining antibiotics, enzymes, alcohopc beverages, and organic acids.
FAQs
Q1. What is Cyclosporin A?
Ans. Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressant obtained from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. It is used during organ transplants to prevent the rejection of grafts.
Q2. What are statins?
Ans. Statins are obtained from the yeast Monascus purpureus. It inhibits the synthesis of cholesterol and is thus used as a blood cholesterol-lowering agent.
Q3. Explain how microbes are used as biofertipzers?
Ans. Rhizobium bacteria is used to fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms. They are cheap, environment friendly, replenish the soil nutrients, and help in organic farming.
Q4. What is single-cell protein?
Ans. Single-cell protein is an alternate source of protein for plants and animals. So, microbes can be used as a good source of proteins.