- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
The blood in the human body seems to be the same in color but is different in terms of its characteristics.
The blood type has been spanided into two main groupings, namely −
ABO Grouping
Rh Grouping.
Let us see in detail about these two main blood groups.
Images Coming soon
ABO Grouping
The presence and absence of two surface antigens, namely, A & B on the surface of red blood cells (RBC), determines the ABO grouping.
Antigen− Antigen is a substance that activates the immune system to respond against that substance. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, toxins, or any other foreign substance that enters the body from the outside.
In the same way, plasma also contains different antibodies according to the different blood types. Therefore, during the blood transfusion process, the blood of a donor is carefully matched with the recipient’s blood to avoid critical health problems.
Plasma− Plasma constitutes about 55% of the blood. The proteins and antibodies present in the plasma are used to treat many serious health conditions. Plasma plays a crucial function in fighting against many infectious diseases.
Given below is the table in which different blood groups and their receivers and donor types are mentioned.
Blood Group | Antigens | Antibodies | Can give blood (RBC) to | Can receive blood (RBC) from |
---|---|---|---|---|
AB | A and B | None | AB | AB, A, B,O |
A | A | B | A and AB | A &O |
B | B | A | B and AB | B & O |
O | None | A and B | AB, A, B, O | O |
From the above table, we can infer the followings points −
Blood group AB contains antigens A and B and can donate blood to the same blood type only, that is AB but can receive blood from all the other blood groups, which can be AB, A, B, and O. Therefore, the blood of human beings with blood group AB can be called “universal recipients”.
Blood group A contains antigens A, can donate blood to the blood group A and AB and can be received by the blood groups A and O.
Blood group B contains antigens B, can donate blood to the blood group B and AB and can be a recipient to the blood groups B and O.
Blood group O does not have antigens; therefore, it can be safely transmitted to the people of any other blood group. People having blood group O are known as “universal donors because they can give blood to AB, A, B, and O groups but can receive blood from O blood groups.
Rh Grouping
Rh group is based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on the cell membrane of the RBCs. The term ‘Rh’ comes from the rhesus monkey (a type of monkey). The blood of rhesus monkeys was used to determine the presence of Rh antigen in human blood.
The presence of Rh antigen in the human blood means the person is Rh positive (Rh+ve) and the absence or lack of Rh factor means the person is Rh negative (Rh+ve). It is crucial to determine the Rh factor before the blood transfusion as it may cause severe health problems.
A person who is Rh positive can receive blood from Rh negative inspaniduals but an Rh negative person, if exposed to an Rh positive person, can form specific antibodies against the Rh antigen.
Example
If we take the case of pregnant women whose blood is Rh negative and if the fetus blood group is Rh positive, the two blood groups are separated by the placenta in the first pregnancy. However, during the depvery, there is a possibipty of exposure to the mother’s blood and the blood present in the fetus, which might cause a problem in her subsequent pregnancies.
The reason behind this is the mother’s blood group, which is Rh negative when exposed to the foetus blood group, which means the Rh positive blood group, starts producing antibodies against Rh antigens. When the mother gets pregnant next time, there might be a risk of the leakage of the Rh antibodies present in the mother’s blood (Rh -) to the foetus (Rh +), which can destroy the foetal RBCs. This condition is known as erythroblastosis foetaps.
This condition can be avoided by monitoring the anti-Rh antibodies in the mother immediately after she depvers the first child.
Images Coming soon
Key Takeaways
The ABO grouping is determined by the presence or absence of two antigens A and B.
The blood of human beings is spanided into four groups namely A, B, AB, and O.
Blood group AB is the universal recipient.
Blood group O is the universal donor.
Erythroblastosis foetaps is the condition in which the Rh antibodies present in the mother’s blood (Rh -) get leaked to the foetus (Rh +) and destroy the foetus RBCs. This condition can be fatal for the foetus and can cause jaundice or anaemia in the baby.
FAQs
Q1. What determines the ABO grouping?
Ans. The presence and absence of two surface antigens namely A & B on the surface of RBC determines the ABO grouping.
Q2. Name the blood groups under the ABO system.
Ans. The blood groups present under the ABO system are − A, B, AB, and O.
Q3. Difference between the universal donor and universal recipient.
Ans. Universal Recipient − Blood Group AB contains antigens A and B and can donate blood to the same blood type only that is AB, but can receive blood from all the other blood groups which can be AB, A, B, and O. Therefore, human beings with blood group AB can be called “universal recipients” which means they can receive blood from any other blood groups.
Universal Donor − Blood Group O does not have antigens, therefore it can be safely transmitted to the people of any other blood group. People having blood group O are known as “universal donors because they can donate blood to AB, A, B, and O groups but can receive blood from O blood groups only.
Q4. Define Antigens.
Ans. Antigen is a substance, which activates the immune system to respond against that substance. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, toxins, or any other foreign substance that enters the body from the outside.
Q5. Which blood type does not contain either A or B antigens on their surface?
Ans. O blood groups do not contain either A or B antigens on their surface.
Q6. If the blood group ends in +(positive), what does that mean?
Ans. The presence of Rh antigen in the human blood means the person is Rh positive (Rh+ve). This means if the surface of the red blood cells has Rh factor (protein), the inspanidual can be considered to have a (Rh+) blood group.
Q7. Which condition is responsible for erythroblastosis foetaps.?
Ans. The condition in which the mother’s blood group which is Rh negative when exposed to the foetus blood group means Rh positive blood group, starts producing antibodies against Rh antigens. When the mother gets pregnant next time, there might be a risk of the leakage of the Rh antibodies present in the mother’s blood (Rh -) to the foetus (Rh +) which can destroy the foetal RBCs, this condition is responsible for erythroblastosis foetaps.