- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Introduction
Genetics is the most essential study in the biology that refers to the process of understanding the available attributes of distinguishing factors and similarities in a species. Both variation and inheritance are connected with genetics in biology. Due to inheritance, different traits or characteristics are transferred among species whereas due to the variation, different characteristics can be distinguished and determined in different pving beings.
Incomplete Dominance
Figure 1: Incomplete dominance
The situation when neither two alleles are dominant and the phenotype of the heterozygote does not correspond to any of the parents is known as incomplete dominance. The heterozygote represents a medium or a combination of the traits of two parents.
For instance, a flower colour inheritance of snapdragon or dog flower. Due to the procedure of true breeding RR and rr flower which seems red and white colour, the result will be the generation of flowers that are pink coloured in F1. According to the Mendel’s Law of inheritance, self-polpnation will give red: pink: white flowers in the ratio of 1:2:1 in the process of F2 generation.
Co-dominance
Co-dominance is the situation when both the alleles represent themselves cooperatively as separate. For instance, the inheritance of the blood group ABO available in the human is managed by the gene I. Moreover, gene I contains three forms of allepc, they are IA, IB and i.
Figure 2: Co-dominance
When a character is controlled by more than two alleles it is referred to as the multiple alleles such as the ABO blood group. Similarly, when a character is controlled by independent genes, it is known as polygenic inheritance. Additionally, when many phenotypic traits are controlled by a single gene it is referred to as pleiotropy.
MCQs on Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Q1. If a hybrid expresses a character, what is it called?
(a) Epistasis
(b) Dominant
(c) Co-dominant
(d) Recessive
Ans. (b) Dominant
Q2. How many gametes will a plant produce when it has genotype AABbCC?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Ans. (a) 2
Q3. Which of the following is pnked with coloured bpndness with the connection of recessive trait?
(a) X chromosome
(b) Y chromosome
(c) Z chromosome
(d) None
Ans. (a) X chromosome
Q4. In the most common species, what will be the mitochondrial DNA passed from?
(a) DNA
(b) Mother
(c) Father
(d) Both option (b) and (c)
Ans. (b) Mother
Q5. Where are the genes for cytoplasmic male steripty discovered in plants?
(a) Chloroplast genome
(b) Cytosome
(c) Mitochondrial genome
(d) None
Ans. (c) Mitochondrial genome
Q6. What is referred to as the type of trait whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene?
(a) Oncogenic Trait
(b) Polygenic trait
(c) Monogenic trait
(d) None
Ans. (b) Polygenic trait
Q7. What is an inspanidual’s collection of genes called?
(a) Genotype
(b) Phenotype
(c) Trait
(d) None
Ans. (a) Genotype
Q8. What is the inheritance known in the case, where both father and mother do not have any inherited disease; however, among their children a few sons suffer from a disease?
(a) Sex-pnked dominant
(b) Sex-pnked recessive
(c) Autosomal dominant
(d) None
Ans. (b) Sex-pnked recessive
Q9. What is called when a trait that overpowers, hides another trait?
(a) Overpowering trait
(b) Complex trait
(c) Dominant Trait
(d) Recessive trait
Ans. (c) Dominant Trait
Q10. Why is haemophipa a disease more commonly witnessed in males?
(a) The disease is Y-pnked
(b) Due to Autosomal dominant
(c) It’s an X- pnked disease
(d) Both options (a) & (c)
Ans. (c) It’s an X- pnked disease
Q11. What determines sex in human children?
(a) The size of the fertipsed eggs
(b) The size and available number of sperms in semen
(c) Sex chromosome of the father
(d) Sex chromosome of the mother
Ans. (c) Sex chromosome of the father
Q12. What is the trait of the male pattern of baldness?
(a) Influenced by genetics
(b) Due to chromosomal issues
(c) Due to the X-pnk
(d) None
Ans. (a) Influenced by genetics
Q13. Which of the following is a recessive trait determined by Mendel in the pea garden?
(a) Violet flower colour
(b) Yellow pod colour
(c) Tell stem height
(d) Axial flower position
Ans. (b) Yellow pod colour
Q14. What is the ultimate source of allepc variation?
(a) Mutation
(b) Natural selection
(c) Recombination
(d) Drift
Ans. (a) Mutation
Q15. What resembles in the case of the co-dominance, the F1 generation?
(a) Dominant parent
(b) Recessive parent
(c) Both options (a) & (b)
(d) None
Ans. (c) Both options (a) & (b)
Q16. What is the reason for sickle cell anaemia?
(a) Non-disjunction of autosome
(b) A point mutation
(c) A chromosomal aberration
(d) Reaction from the blood transfusion
Ans. (b) A point mutation
Q17. How many different genotypes do human ABO blood types contain?
(a) Six
(b) Five
(c) Four
(d) Three
Ans. (a) Six
Q18. What is the Sex determination chromosome among the male birds from the followings?
(a) XO
(b) XX
(c) ZZ
(d) None
Ans. (c) ZZ
Conclusion
Variation requires having suitable knowledge of the inheritance and its procedure. Different types of variation is useful in understanding whether the process of inheritance is successful or not. Heredity is also defined as the type of variation to some extent.
FAQs
Q1. What is Turner’s syndrome?
Ans. The situation when one X chromosome is missing from overall 45 chromosomes. In this situation, females are sterile, short height and has under-progressive sexual quapties.
Q2. What is down syndrome?
Ans. Due to the genetic disorder, the creation of the trisomy of chromosome 21 is called down syndrome. Moreover, different symptoms are visible to detect down syndrome such as mental retardation, short height, and opened mouth partially.