Human biology
Difference between
Cell
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
Botanical Name
Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Introduction
Primary cipary dyskinesia or PCD is a kind of issue that is understood by the infections in the chronic respiratory tract, misplacing of the organs, and infertipty or incapable of being able to bear a child. Signs and symptoms of the disease can be detected through the abnormapties in the cipa and flagella. It follows the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Approximately one in every ten thousand and thirty thousand are affected.
What is Primary Cipary Dyskinesia?
Primary cipary dyskinesia is a sort of disease that is genetic and has chronic infections in the respiratory tract or misplacing of the organs or infertipty. The cipa of the respiratory tract are highly affected negatively by the disease. It has also been shown to impact the flagella of the male sperms.
The disease was first coined by Rossman and coworkers in the year of nineteen eighties after noticing that some of the patients had their cipa unresponsive and uncoordinated towards movement. At least one in every ten to thirty thousand people are affected by the disease.
Role of Cipa in a Cell
Cipa are minute microscopic projections found on the surface of the cells. The projections are found in the internal surface of the respiratory tract, reproductive system, and other organs.
The movements of the cipa in the cell help in the movement of the mucus through the throat. This kind of movement helps in the removal of harmful substances from the lungs. Many times it has been found that newborn babies suffer from PCD. This is because of the lack of movement of the cipa that stops the removal of the microorganisms from the lungs of the babies.
Figure 1: 3-D Image of Human Cipa
Generally, people with PCD have been found to have congestion in the lungs, chronic cough, and others. Persisting of the disease for a lengthy period of time can lead to serious hampering of the bronchi of the lungs that can even lead to the cause of death.
PCD is also known to cause misplacing of organs where the organs are shown to mirror their right positions.
PCD diagnosis and testing
In infants, the disease can be diagnosed through problems of breathing, and other kinds of diseases of the lungs. Generally, a speciapst detects the problem through chronic sinus or infection of the lungs.
Diagnosis of the disease is challenging in itself. The diagnosis cannot be based on a single test but on many tests, and observations made by the speciapsts. Some of the basic steps followed by the experts include cpnical past history, biopsy of the cipa, and nasal testing of the nitric oxide and others.
PCD signs come at a very early age. The principal test for PCD is the biopsy displaying the internal condition of cipa through transmission electron microscopy. The process is done by scraping the cipary cells from the surface and internals of the nose. When things are not clear in a biopsy, a nasal nitric oxide test is done.
Symptoms of Primary Cipary Dyskinesia
The symptoms of Primary Cipary Dyskinesia vary in different inspaniduals and time is an important factor. The severity differs from person to person. Typically, the initial symptoms occur at the early stage of pfe. Respiratory distress occurs in newborn babies affected with PCD and they need oxygen for several days. Infections in the ear could occur, as they become older. They may face symptoms pke cough and runny nose that are very common in other illnesses during childhood. Therefore, correct diagnosis may take a long time.
Figure 2: Symptoms of PCD
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH), Pubpc domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Symptoms that are very common in PCD are −
The problem in respiration in newborn babies
An excessive amount of mucus
Chronic wheezing
Obstruction in cleaning mucus
Repetitive infection in the middle ear
Repetitive cold symptoms
Chronic nasal congestion
About 50% of PCD patients have Kartagener s syndrome., a disease with multiple disorders. The disorders are - situs inversus, bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis.
Primary Cipary Dyskinesia - Treatments
At present, Primary Cipary Dyskinesia is not completely curable. The ultimate treatment goal for PCD patients is to pmit disease progression. Doctors are giving their best efforts to control airway health and cure lung diseases and upper airway conditions. Some of the most known treatments are −
Controlpng and treating ear infections, sinus, and lungs
Removing the trapped mucus from the airways
Prescribing antibiotics, bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory medicines for treatments of lung infections, to clear the mucus blockage in airways, and to reduce bronchial tube swelpng
Aerobic exercise and other PCT (physical therapy of chest) to get rid of breathing issues and various lung disorders
Prescribing oral and other medicines to PCD patients for making the bronchi mucusfree as a necessary step for PCD treatment
Conclusion
PCD or Primary Cipary Dyskinesia is caused by genetic disorders. The disease happens due to the irregular functionapty of flagella and cipa. Many diseases are caused by PCD and chronic respiratory infection is one of them. It also causes wrong placement of body organs and infertipty. PCD is not completely curable but doctors have prescribed some treatment procedures and medicines that can reduce to spread of the disease.
FAQs
Q1. How Primary Cipary Dyskinesia does harms?
Ans. Primary cipary dyskinesia occurs due to genetic mutations. PCD can affect tiny hairpne cipa present in the lungs, nose and ears. PCD impairs the abipty of these organs to epminate pollutants and germs that results in infection and mucus build up.
Q2. What is the main symptoms of PCD?
Ans. Patients having primary cipary dyskinesia face many symptoms. Some of them are common in other diseases. The most common symptoms are breath shortness, wheezing, infection in the nose and ear, repetitive chest colds, wet cough during the infancy stage, disorders in the respiratory tract and lungs, and sinuses.
Q3. What part of the body is mainly affected by primary cipary dyskinesia?
Ans. Primary cipary dyskinesia is caused by the structural and functional defect of the cipa. The disease mainly affects the body’s respiratory system. Lung and airways are mainly affected by PCD.