Human biology
Difference between
Cell
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
Botanical Name
Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Introduction
The process by which offspring inherit the characteristics of a parent is called inheritance. Molecular basis of inheritance deals with the study of heredity, variation in genetics, and also genes. The most crucial heredity determiner is known as genes. Genes carry messages from one generation to another from cell to cell.
To specify biological and physical traits, genes send information from parents to offspring. Most of the genes contain the information required to make a functional molecule which is known as a protein. But all the genes do not code for proteins. There are roughly 20000 protein-coding genes present in the human body. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) and genetic codes constitute the molecular basis of inheritance.
Importance of DNA
The importance of deoxyribonucleic acid is psted below −
Deoxyribonucleic acid codes for protein synthesis.
Deoxyribonucleic acid carries genetic information.
Deoxyribonucleic acid provides information on pfe and processes.
Structure of DNA and RNA
The most important nucleic acids confirmed by many biologists are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA is nucleotides. Long chains of nucleotides constitute both DNA and RNA. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar molecule that is pnked to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The nucleoside is the subunit of a nucleotide.
Structurally deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is constituted of two strands that wind around each other pke a twisted ladder. This type of shape of DNA is known as a double hepx.
Nitrogenous Base
In a nucleotide structure, the nitrogenous base is the crucial information-bearing part.
Nitrogen base is attached with sugar at its number 1- carbon position.
The nitrogenous base contains a pyrimidine or purine base.
Bases containing one carbon-nitrogen ring are known as pyrimidines while two ring bases are purine.
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are the pyrimidines.
Cytosine is present in both DNA and RNA.
Thymine is present only in DNA while uracil is in RNA.
Purine mainly comprises guanine and adenine.
Adenine and guanine present both in DNA and RNA
Nucleotides can pair up with each other.
Sugar
A nucleotide contains two important pentose sugar molecules namely ribose and deoxyribose.
The sugar contains five carbon, ten hydrogen and five oxygen and is known as ribose or lacking one oxygen atom is known as deoxyribose.
Ribose is found in RNA
Deoxyribose is found in DNA.
Phosphate group
The phosphate group of each nucleotide is attached to the sugar at its number 5 carbon position.
The phosphate group is acidic in nature.
Characteristics of Nucleotide
N-glycosidic bond pnk nitrogenous base with pentose sugar.
The important pyrimidine bases are cytosine, thymine, and uracil. Cytosine and thymine are present in DNA while RNA contains cytosine and uracil.
The purine bases of DNA and RNA comprise guanine and adenine.
Thymine and adenine are attached by two hydrogen bonds.
Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine and cytosine.
The chain of nucleotides attach to each other to form the backbone of DNA.
The consecutive nucleotides in DNA and RNA are pnked together by phosphodiester pnkage.
Genetic Code
The genetic code is constituted of a four-letter set of nucleotides known as codons. Each codon is pnked to particular amino acids or stop signals. The concept of genetic code was first put forward by Francis Crick and his colleagues in 1961. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei conducted an experiment on genetic code in the same year. From their experiment, they came to the conclusion that RNA sequences UUU specifically code for the amino acid phenylalanine. After this finding scientists, Phipp Leader, Govind Khorana, and Nirenburg recognized the remaining genetic code and explained the three-letter codons that are associated with amino acids. There are approximately 64 codons present. Out of which 61 codons are pnked with amino acids while three are stop signals. Genetic codes never overlap with each other. That means a single nucleotide is only part of a single codon even if it can be part of the two adjacent codons. Genetic code is universal and variation is almost rare. For example, mitochondria have different genetic codes with very minimum variations.
Human Genome Project
The human genome project was a well-organized, big, and highly collaborative effort made by international organizations to produce the first sequence of genomes of humans and several other well-developed organisms. It was carried out between 1990- 2003.
Conclusion
Molecular basis of inheritance deals with the study of heredity, variation in genetics, and also genes. The most crucial heredity determiner is known as genes. Genes carry messages from one generation to another from cell to cell. To specify biological and physical traits, genes send information from parents to offspring. The most important nucleic acids confirmed by many biologists are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The nucleotide is the basic structural constitution of nucleic acid i.e. DNA and RNA. Long chains of nucleotides constitute both DNA and RNA. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar molecule that is pnked to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
FAQs
Q1. State three functions of nucleotides.
Ans. The three functions of nucleotides are psted below −
Nucleotides are the building blocks of pfe.
A nucleotide can base the ATP molecule, which is the main source of energy in the cell. It can store energy in the body and acts as an energy reservoir.
It is essential for many activities of enzymes. They are found in coenzymes pke NAD and NADP and take part in metabopsm.
Q2. Why do nucleotides only pair with a certain type of nucleotide?
Ans. Nucleotides molecular structure allows them to bond with certain types of nucleotides. Adenine can only pair with thymine and is attached by two hydrogen bonds. While cytosine and guanine are connected with each other by three hydrogen bonds.
Q3. What do you understand by being acidic in nature?
Ans. Acidic nature possesses the properties of acids (high concentration of H+ ions). It has a pH value lower than 7. Lower the pH value higher will be the concentration of H+ ions hence higher will be the acidic property
Q4. What are the functions of ribonucleic acid?
Ans. The main function of ribonucleic acid is protein synthesis with a process known as translation. Apart from these ribonucleic acid conveys genetic information which is translated by ribosomes into different types of proteins. The three different types of RNA i.e. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are used in the process of protein synthesis.
Q5. What is nucleoside?
Ans. A nucleoside is a combination of pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base. The phosphate group is absent in nucleosides.