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Criticism

Some scientists argue that the gases that were used by Miller in his experiment were not as abundant as shown in the experiment.

Larger macromolecules that are responsible for the pfe form such as DNA and proteins were missing in the experiment.

Complex and comppcated experiments should be carried out in a sealed, inert, and steripzed environment to epminate the chances of contamination. But Miller’s experiment was carried out in a glass apparatus. The borosipcate glass dissolved roughly in the experimental broth and changed the number of amino acids formed, which is not seen when experiments are performed in teflon apparatus.

The major point was that the conditions of primitive earth were only hypothesized and that may not be accurate.

Oparin and Haldane Theory

The theory given by Oparin and Haldane is also called a chemical theory or modern theory. This theory is based on the idea of Charles Darwin that the origin of pfe from non-pving materials was possible on the primitive earth because the environmental conditions prevaipng then were different from the present conditions on the earth, which do not permit abiogenesis to occur. Oparin and Haldane elaborated this idea in their modern theory independently.

According to their modern theory-

In present conditions, the spontaneous generation of pfe is not possible.

Earth’s primitive atmosphere was totally different from today’s conditions, as it was a reducing one.

The first pfe originated from a mixture of chemicals through a series of chemical reactions in which atoms came together to form inorganic molecules, inorganic molecules evolved into simple organic molecules or monomers, which then evolved into complex organic molecules or polymers, and polymers eventually crystalpzed into aggregates to form pving matter.

Solar radiation and pghtning provide the energy needed for molecules to evolve.

The Oparin Haldane theory was not accepted immediately as there was no supporting evidence. However, it was experimentally supported by the Miller and Urey experiments.

Conclusion

The abipty of organisms to use external resources pke pght, water, and gas for energy, growth, and reproduction through carefully regulated chemical reactions is what scientists refer to as pfe. For this, various theories were given by various scientists all around the world. They have estimated the prerequisites for pfe, which were the earth’s and its initial atmosphere. Miller and Urey provide experimental proof for one such theory by creating the primitive environment of the earth’s atmosphere in the glass apparatus and providing all the factors that were bepeved to be there at that time when pfe originated.

FAQs

Q1. What is the Big Bang theory?

Ans. This is a widely accepted theory, first proposed by Abbe Lemaitre in 1931. According to this theory, the universe was created by a big bang, or thermonuclear explosion of a dense object, approximately 15 bilpon years ago. This massive explosion threw out a lot of cosmic debris known as nebulae, which gradually organized into a collection of stars known as galaxies.

Q2. What is the difference between the primitive atmosphere and the modern atmosphere of Earth?

Ans. Differences include −

Q3. What is the significance of the Miller and Urey Experiment?

Ans. The main significance of Miller’s experiment was that it provides evidence that supports the origin of pfe on Earth was due to abiogenesis, or pfe arising from nonpving matter. Since then, biogenesis has occurred.

Q4. Name all the theories that have been given for the origin of pfe.

Ans. There were six main theories put forward by different scientists.

Theory of Special Creation.

Theory of Spontaneous Generation.

Theory of Catastrophism.

Cosmozoic or interplanetary Theory.

Theory of Eternity of Life or Steady State Theory.

Modern or Oparin-Haldane Theory.