- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
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- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
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- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
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- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
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- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
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Biodiversity
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Symptoms, diseases
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- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
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- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
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- Mycology
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- Mutualism
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- Muscle Contraction Proteins
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- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
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- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
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- Mass Flow Hypothesis
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- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
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- Animal Nervous System
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- Animal Kingdom
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- Amphibolic Pathway
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- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
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- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Introduction
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are considered as the most important nucleic acids and this has been confirmed by many biologists. The nucleotide is the basic structural constitution of nucleic acid i.e. DNA and RNA. In RNA interference the small piece of RNA shut down the protein translation by binding mRNA that codes for those proteins. The particular mRNA codes for protein synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) regulates the post-transcriptional mechanism of genes. In this process, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induce the sequence-specific degradation of homologous messenger (mRNA). RNA interference is widely used in research in biology as well as drug development for the last sixteen years. RNA interference is a process of biology that obstructs the target genes genetic impression in plants and animals as well as in fungi. That is the reason, researchers called it a phenomenon of gene silencing.
RNA Interference Pathway
RNA interference is commonly observed in eukaryotic cells. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional RNA interference used double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the process. The RNA interference put off protein synthesis. Apart from these, it assists to arrest cancer, infection of the virus, and neurodegenerative diseases.
By natural or artificial method a long double-stranded RNA is inserted in a cell, and RNA interference takes place. The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sppt into small pieces with the help of enzyme dicers. The small fragments are microRNA (miRNA) and simple interfering RNA (si RNA). RNA polymerase (RdRP) is generated by double-stranded RNA. The gene silencing process can take place in two phases through RNA interference.
Phase I
Initiation
The stage starts with the production of simple interfering RNA (si RNA). This stage further proceeds with the help of the type III endonuclease Dicer.
Dicer enzymes are of two types namely Dicer-I and Dicer II. The dicer enzyme is also known as RNase III.
Dicer I and Dicer II are homologous in structure but have different features pke ATP requirement and substrate specificity.
MicroRNA (miRNA)
The dicer-1 enzyme does not depend on its function on adenosine triphosphate.
Dicer -1 utipzes its protein partner to bind double-stranded RNA.
Dicer1 connects with dsRBD within a protein known as loqs found in drosophila. The dsRBD is the domain of double-stranded RNA.
The loqs protein that is present in miRNA activates its function and gives direction to the specific activity that processes miRNA.
As a result of this gene expression is controlled by microRNA (miRNA).
The loqs encode three dsRBD which have the abipty to generate two types of proteins namely PA and PB.
The PB proteins increase the affinity of DC1 towards the miRNA precursor.
Simple interfering RNA (si RNA)
The Dicer-2 enzyme depends on adenosine triphosphate.
It also exhibits substrate specificity towards double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
Structurally Dicer-2 is almost similar to Dcr 1.
Dicer-2 also needs double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding proteins.
R2D2 is a protein.
The heterodimeric complex is formed when R2D2 functions in a combination with the specific enzyme RNase.
The R2D2 is constituted of one double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domain.
These results show that both the dsRNA binding domains of R2D2 and Dicer-2 are required for the R2D2 and Dicer-2 complex.
The dsRNA bind siRNA into a si-RNA-induced silencing complex (siRISC).
Phase II
The Effector
In RNA interference next phase is the involvement of guide strand incorporation.
The guide strands are single strands and constitute microRNA (miRNA) and simple interfering RNA (si RNA).
Either RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing (RITS) or the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is the effector complex in stage II.
RISC
RNA-induced silencing complex is the full form of RISC.
RISC is the PPD protein of PAZ PIWI domain.
The PIWI is constituted of three hundred amino acids and is placed in the C terminal in the complex of protein.
The PAZ constituted only a hundred amino acids and is placed centrally in the complex of protein.
In nematodes, arthropods as well as in Chordata the PPD proteins involved in si- RNA-induced silencing are Agro2 and hAgro2.
These proteins are efficient in performing siRNA-mediated mRNA cleavage.
Small variations in siRNA structure affect the RISC complex which is proven by scientists. For specific gene silencing, a small amount of stimulation is enough for more entire organisms. The signal intensity can be amppfied through RNAi silencing mechanism.
RNA Interference Apppcation
The RNA interference apppcation are psted below −
Gene Knockdown − Generally RNA interference is used to study the activity of genes in culture cells and model species. It is also used to bring down the aspects of targeted genes.
Functional Genomics − This technique helps in studying the gene mapping of annotation in plants. Apart from these, it is also used in the study of bread wheat.
Apppcations in the Medical Field − RNA interference assists to arrest cancer, infection of the virus, and neurodegenerative diseases. RNA interference is also used in the treatment of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. It can also subside pain and regulate sleep.
Conclusion
In RNA interference, a small piece of RNA shut down the protein translation by binding mRNA that codes for those proteins. The particular mRNA codes for protein synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) regulates the post-transcriptional mechanism of genes. In this process, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induce the sequence-specific degradation of homologous messenger (mRNA). RNA interference is widely used in research in biology as well as drug development for the last sixteen years. RNA interference is commonly observed in the eukaryotic cells.
FAQs
Q1. What are the functions of ribonucleic acid?
Ans. The main function of ribonucleic acid is protein synthesis. Apart from these ribonucleic acid conveys genetic information which is translated by ribosomes into different types of proteins. The three different types of RNA i.e. mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are used in the process of protein synthesis.
Q2. What do you understand by eukaryotic transcription?
Ans. This type of transcription also involves four steps i.e. binding, initiation, elongation, and termination. In this type, transcription takes place in the presence of transcription factors. Based on the genes there are various types of RNA polymerase molecules that can transcribe the DNA.
Q3. What is translation?
Ans. When mRNA message code is translated to protein then that is known as translation.
Q4. What do you understand by adenosine triphosphate?
Ans. Adenosine triphosphate is commonly known as ATP. In eukaryotic cells, adenosine triphosphate is the main source of energy. This energy is either reserved or used in various cellular activities in the cells.
Q5. What do you understand about neurodegenerative diseases?
Ans. Neurodegenerative disease is a disorder of the nervous system. It is not curable and it slowly damages the nerve cells. The symptoms vary from person to person. Generally, it effects the movement of the body as well as the function of the brain.