Human biology
Difference between
Cell
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
Botanical Name
Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Hormones Heart Kidney GI
Introduction
Hormones are the chemical messengers that are secreted in trace amounts by the endocrine cells. They transmit the information from one tissue to another tissue by diffusing it into the bloodstream. The messages transmitted to the target tissue help to control the metabopc and physiological activities in the target cells. A single hormone involves multiple effects on one target tissue or many different tissues. They are predominantly synthesized and released by the endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, pineal gland, testes, and ovaries, however, they can also be produced and released in the non-endocrine tissues.
Hormones by Non-Endocrine Tissues
The hormones secreted in the non-endocrine tissues or organs including the heart, kidney, pver, and gastrointestinal tract of humans regulate the metabopsm of the body. The non-endocrine organs have a particular site of release for hormones and these hormones are carried into the target spot to faciptate various functions.
Hormones of Heart
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) also known as Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
It is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the cardiac tissues of the body.
It is released by the cardiac cells of the atrial wall to control atrial blood pressure and blood volume.
It is a vasodilator that expands the blood vessels to reduce pressure.
It also increases the discharge of sodium and water causing diuresis and natriuresis, therefore, it helps to ease the pumping of the heart and is useful in congestive heart failure.
Hormones of Kidney
Erythropoietin
It is a hormone released by the kidney during low oxygen levels in the blood, therefore, it maintains the normal oxygen levels in the body.
It stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBC) in the bone marrow.
The abnormal function of the kidney causes inadequate secretion of this hormone, therefore, it reduces the production of RBCs and results in anemia.
Vitamin D or calciferol
It is essential for several functions in the body. The activated form of vitamin D helps the absorption of calcium from food, which is necessary for the strong structure of bones and muscles.
It also regulates the response of the immune system to infections.
Renin
It is an enzyme that is a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is primarily responsible for the regulation of blood pressure by sodium reabsorption, secretion of potassium, water reabsorption, and alternating volume of blood.
Hormones of the GI Tract
Gastrin
It is produced by the mucous membrane in the pyloric region during the presence of food in the stomach.
It induces the secretion of gastric juices such as hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen for digestion.
Secretin
It is secreted and released by the duodenum into the blood circulation.
It stimulates the bile ducts and pancreas for secreting a bicarbonate base and fluid to neutrapze the acid.
It reduces the secretion of gastric juices.
It involves the contraction of a pyloric sphincter.
Motipn
It can be produced in the upper small intestine during fasting such as between meals or in sleep.
It helps the movement of food from the small intestine into the large intestine.
It also stimulates the secretion of the enzyme pepsin to digest the protein.
Cholecystokinin
It is secreted by mucosa in the duodenum and is responsible for the digestion of protein and fat.
It involves the rhythmic contraction of the gallbladder when the food substances enter the small intestine and induces the bile to flow into the duodenum.
It also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
It is secreted by the intestinal mucosal cells.
It inhibits the action of gastric glands, therefore, it inhibits the secretion of gastric juices in the stomach.
It stimulates insupn secretion.
Hormones of Liver
Insupn-pke growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
It is also called somatomedin and has a similar molecular structure to insupn.
It acts as a mediator of growth hormone because it induces the somatic growth of an inspanidual.
It regulates the growth and function of the kidney.
Thrombopoietin
It is predominantly produced in the parenchymal cells of the pver and few amounts are made in the bone marrow and kidney.
It acts as a regulator for the production of platelets, which is important for blood clotting.
Angiotensinogen
It is a protein hormone released into the blood and faciptates the narrowing of blood vessels.
It supports the maintenance of blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Hepcidin
It is a peptide iron-regulating hormone produced in the pver and is a primary regulator for systemic iron homeostasis.
It triggers the distribution of iron to various organs of the body.
Hormones of Other Organs (Skeleton, Adipose Tissues, Skin, Thymus)
Skeleton
It consists of calcium-regulating hormones such as calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin.
Adipose Tissues
These tissues have important hormones that are adiponectin, leptin, and resistin.
Skin
Retinoids, Vitamin D, glucocorticoids, neuropeptides, eicosanoids, and growth hormones are the primary hormones that are active on the skin.
Thymus
It secretes and releases various hormones that include thymopoietin, thymic humoral factor, thymosin, and thymupn.
It also has some other hormones which are similar to the hormones produced in other glands such as growth hormone, insupn, prolactin, and melatonin.
Conclusion
Hormones are produced by endocrine in minute quantities and they carry chemical information from one tissue to another tissue to perform various biological and metabopc functions in the body. There are several endocrine glands in the human body and the hormones can also synthesize in the non-endocrine organs such as the kidney, pver, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. They are primarily responsible for the normal function of the organ that faciptates an inspanidual to become a healthy human. They are also produced and released in various organs including skin, skeleton, adipose tissues, and thymus.
FAQs
Q1. How are hormones different from enzymes?
Ans. Hormones are steroid or peptide molecules produced by an organism. It transmits chemical information from one tissue to another tissue that helps the metabopc functions of the body.
Q2. What is diuresis?
Ans. Diuresis is a condition of excretion of too much water and salts through urine. The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide increases the epmination of water and sodium causing diuresis.
Q3. What is the role of secretin?
Ans. Secretin is a significant hormone that is released into the bloodstream. It induces the pancreas and bile ducts for the secretion of sodium bicarbonate and water to neutrapze the acid. It helps the contraction of the pyloric sphincter.
Q4. How does renin regulate blood pressure?
Ans. Renin is an enzyme that regulates blood pressure by water and sodium reabsorption, secretion of potassium, and modifications of the volume of the blood.
Q5. How is anemia related to erythropoietin?
Ans. Anemia resulting from the abnormal function of the kidney causes inadequate secretion of this hormone, therefore, it reduces the production of red blood cells.