Human biology
Difference between
Cell
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
Botanical Name
Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Mutation Genetic Change
Introduction
Genetic mutations are the changes in the DNA sequences which mainly take place during the time of cell spanision. During the time of cell copies, the total process happens. DNA of a body symbopzes the formation as well as the function of a body. Genetic mutations also lead to different genetic conditions such as cancer. Several external factors are also very much affected the DNA sequences.
What are Mutations?
The DNA sequences provide information about the formation of cells and perform as per their functions. In this case, a DNA sequence is not in the proper place, the total sequences can be damaged and it could experience different types of genetic condition symptoms.
Figure 1: Damaged DNA Sequence
For each organism, the DNA sequence also differs and it can be the base-pairs sequence changes. This process is called mutations and it may guide the alteration of proteins translated which is caused by DNA. All cells can easily recognize the damage which is caused by mutation and the repairing process is completed before the permanent situation
Classifications of Mutations
Mainly three types of Mutations can be seen in terms of DNA sequences.
Silent mutation − It deals with the alteration of the DNA sequences that have no such great impact on the amino acid sequence in a protein. In terms of protein functions, any kind of phenotypic indicator of mutation cannot be seen.
Figure 2: Classifications of Mutations
Nonsense mutation − This type of Mutation is generally seen during the spanision of cell and it mainly refers to any such alteration that can be seen because of point mutation. Due to these situational changes, the base pair of a DNA lead to a stop codon. It leads to the result of shortened as well as non-functional protein.
Missense mutation − It is another type of mutation, which mainly results of point mutation. This type of mutation generally leads to situational changes to codon which codes for another amino acid.
Causes of Mutations
The genetic mutations mainly result in genetic variations among species while positive mutations are mainly transferred to successive generations. Mutations in genetics refer to coding for haemoglobin that is mainly caused because of sickle cell anaemia. Due to mutation, the shape of R.B.C becomes sickle. In terms of the African population, the mutation mainly provides complete protection against malaria. Mutation in terms of gene controlpng mainly leads to cell spanision which results in cancer.
Figure 3: DNA separation
Internal Causes − It is seen that the mutations mostly take place if the DNA failed to copy accurately and all these types of mutations generally lead to the evolution. In the time of cell spanision, DNA mainly engages a copy of its own. It is also seen that a copy of the DNA sometimes is not perfect and there is a spght difference from the original DNA, which is called mutation.
External Causes − In case of DNA is exposed to certain chemicals or radiations, it may cause the DNA to break down. The ultraviolet radiations are mainly caused by thymine dimers resulting in the break of mutated DNA.
Mutation Effects
Multiple types of mutations are not able to pass on to the offspring, such mutations mainly take place in the somatic cells, and that is why it is called somatic mutations.
Another form of mutation is germpne mutations which can pass on to successive generations and principally takes place in the reproductive cells.
Due to mutations, different types of genetic disorders can be caused in terms of a single along with more genes. Cystic fibrosis refers to a type of genetic disorder that is mainly caused by a single along with more genes.
Another disease that is caused by genetic disorders is cancer which can regulate the cell cycle.
Advantages of Mutation
There are a few types of mutations, which results in terms of new versions of proteins and it is very helpful for the organism to adapt different environmental changes. This type of mutation generally leads to evolution.
Mutations in terms of many bacteria result in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria which is very helpful in surviving with the presence of antibiotics.
A unique mutation can be found in terms of the population of Italy that is very helpful to provide protection from atherosclerosis. This is because fatty materials generally build up within the blood vessels.
Conclusion
The sudden change in terms of nucleotide sequence of DNA can be a cause of gene mutation that is known as point mutation. Due to mutation DNA can be damaged that is either through substitution, deletion as well as insertion which is mainly based on the base pair in DNA. The alternation of DNA sequence can lead to cell death as well as can be a cause of tumour or cancer.
FAQs
Q1. What is called base substitution?
Ans. The replacement of the single base DNA can be represented by the point mutation. For example, Glu replaces Val which causes sickle cell anaemia disease.
Q2. What are the different processes of base substitution?
Ans. The different types of base substitution are transition as well as transversion. Transition refers to base substitution mutation which is represented by another purine or pyrimidine. Transversion mainly occurs during the replacement of pyrimidine by another pyrimidine.
Q3. What is called deletion?
Ans. It is also known as frameshift mutation and it mainly takes place if one as well as more base pairs are separated from DNA. This particular kind of mutated DNA creates an altered product as well as a non-functional product.
Q4. What is called insertion?
Ans. The process of adding Base pairs can be a cause frame shift that mainly depends on the number of base pairs as well as added base pair. This can be caused by DNA recombination as well as chemical damage in DNA.