- Blood Circulatory System
- Blood
- Bones of The Legs
- Bones of The Foot
- Bones of The Ankle
- Bones of Pelvis
- Blood Groups
- Scientific Name of Human Being
- Largest Organ In Human Body
- Largest Internal Organ in The Human Body
- Human Respiratory System
- Human Population
- Human Physiology
- Human Life Cycle
- Human Insulin
- Human Impact on the Environment
- Human Heart
- Human Health and Diseases
- Human Genome Project Goals Significance
- Human Excretory System
- Human Evolution Progress
- Human Ear
- Human Diseases
- Human Digestive System
- Human Circulatory System Transportation
- Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body
- Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health
Difference between
- Difference between Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome
- Difference Between Transpiration and Guttation
- Difference Between Transpiration and Evaporation
- Difference Between Tracheids and Vessels
- Difference Between Thorns and Spines
- Difference Between T Cells and B Cells
- Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- Difference Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte
- Difference Between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
- Difference Between Sperm and Ovum
- Difference between Species, Population, and Community
- Difference Between Sleep and Hibernation
- Difference Between Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Difference Between Rust and Smut
- Difference Between Right and Left Lung
- Difference Between Replication and Transcription
- Difference Between Renewable and Non Renewable Resources
- Difference Between Red and White Muscle
- Difference Between Radicle and Plumule
- Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription
- Difference Between Plasma and Serum
- Difference Between Pharynx and Larynx
- Difference Between Organs and Organelles
- Difference Between Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
- Difference Between Ocean and Sea
- Difference Between Monocytes and Lymphocytes
- Difference Between Mitochondria and Chloroplast
- Difference Between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycle
- Arteries and Veins Difference
Cell
- Growth and Development of an organism
- Meiosis Cell Division
- Cellular Respiration Concept Map
- Cell Signalling
- Cell Organelles
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Cell Biology
Energy, Enzymes and membrane
Plant
- Scientific Names of Animals and Plants
- Plant Respiration
- Plant Physiology
- Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generations
- Plant Kingdom Plantae
- Plant Growth Regulators
- Plant Fibres
- Mendelian Inheritance Using Seeds of Different Colours Sizes of Any Plant
- Grassland Dominant Plants
- Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
- Biodiversity In Plants and Animals
Botanical Name
- Mustard Botanical Name
- Marigold Botanical Name
- Chilli Botanical Name
- Botanical Name of Tea
- Botanical Name of Sugarcane
- Botanical Name of Soybean
- Botanical Name of Rose
- Botanical Name of Rice
- Botanical Name of Pea
- Botanical Name of Lady Finger
- Botanical Name of Groundnut
- Botanical Name of Grapes
- Botanical Name of Coffee
- Botanical Name of Cabbage
- Botanical Name of Banyan Tree
- Botanical Name of Bajra
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Pattern Species
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Biodiversity and Conservation Concept Map
- Biodiversity
Symptoms, diseases
- Hormones Heart Kidney GI
- Blood Cancer
- Arthritis
- Aids and Hiv
- Nervous System Diseases
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases
- Migraine Symptoms
- Menopause Symptoms
- Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Lung Diseases
- Lung Cancer Symptoms
- Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
- Hypertension Symptoms
- Chicken Pox Symptoms
- Blood Pressure Symptoms
- Arthritis Symptoms
- Appendicitis - Formation, Symptoms, Treatment
- Anemia Symptoms
- Acidity Symptoms Causes and Risk Factors involved
Causes
Other Topics
Bio Articles (Alphabetic order)
- Antigens and Immunology
- Scientific Name of Vitamins
- Scientific Name of Neem
- Schistosomiasis Life Cycle
- Scabies Life Cycle
- Salient Features of The Kingdom Monera
- Saddle Joints
- Root Modifications
- Role of Microbes In Food Processing
- RNA: World Genetic Material
- Rna Interference
- Ringworm
- Rigor Mortis
- Retrovirus
- Respiratory Quotient
- Respiratory and Lung Volumes
- Adolescence Secondary sexual characteristics
- Prolactin Hormone
- Productivity In Ecosystem
- Prions
- Principles of Treatment
- Principles of Prevention
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Principles of Genetics
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
- Prepare Pedigree Charts of Any One of the Genetic Traits Such as Rolling Of Tongue, Blood Groups, Ear Lobes, Widow’s Peak and Colour Blindness
- Prepare A Temporary Mount of The onion Root Tip To Study Mitosis
- Preparation and Study of Transverse Section of Dicot and Monocot Roots and Stems
- Pregnancy Parturition Lactation
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Nervous Tissue
- Nervous System Definition
- Nervous System Coordination
- Nervous System
- Nerves
- Nephron Function Renal Tubules
- Nephritis
- Nematoda
- Need For Hygiene and Sanitation
- Natural Selection Biological Evolution
- Natural Disasters
- National Parks and Sanctuaries
- Mycology
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Mutualism
- Mutation Genetic Change
- Mutagens
- Muscular Dystrophy
- Muscle Contraction Proteins
- Mountains and Mountain Animals
- Morphology and Anatomy of Cockroach
- Monohybrid Cross - Inheritance of One Gene
- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- MOET Technology - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution
- Miller Urey Experiment
- Micturition - Urination Process
- Microfilaments
- Microbodies
- Metabolism Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolism Living State Basis
- Mendelian Disorders
- Melatonin Hormone
- Meiosis Phases
- Meiosis I - Stages and Process
- Megafauna
- Measles
- Mayfly Life Cycle
- Mass Flow Hypothesis
- Mass Extinctions
- Marine Biology
- Mammalia Diversity In Living Organisms
- Malthusian Theory of Population
- Male Sex Hormone
- Macromolecule
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Lung Cancer
- Love Hormone
- Locust Life Cycle
- Lizard Life Cycle
- Living Fossil
- Lipoproteins
- Lipids
- Lipid Peroxidation
- Linkage Recombination
- Life Cycle of Living Organism
- Lice Life Cycle
- Leprosy
- Length of Epididymis
- Leishmania Life Cycle
- Leg Muscles
- Law of Segregation and Law of Dominance
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothalamus
- Hypogeal Germination
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypertension
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hydroponics
- Hydrarch Succession
- Horses and Donkeys Same Species
- Hormonal Disorders
- Hormones Secreted by Non-Endocrine
- Hookworm Life Cycle
- Honey Bee Life Cycle
- Homo erectus
- Homeostasis
- History of Clothing Material
- Characteristics and classification of Gymnosperms
- Guttation
- Griffith Experiment: The Genetic Material
- Grazing Food Chain
- Grasshopper Life Cycle
- Gram Positive Bacteria
- Gout
- Gonorrhea
- Gonads
- Goiter
- Embryology
- Embryo Development
- Elisa Technique
- Electron Transport Chain
- Electrocardiograph
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects of Waste Disposal
- Effects of Wastage of Water
- Effects of Plastics
- Life Cycle of Chicken
- Chemotrophs
- Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
- Centromere
- Central Dogma Inheritance Mechanism
- Cartilaginous Joints
- Carnivores and Herbivores
- Cardiac Output
- Carbon Cycle
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Can a Community Contain Two Populations of the Same Species?
- Bt Crops
- Bryophyta
- Blastocyst
- Bird Life Cycle
- Biotechnology Jobs
- Biotechnology Agriculture
- Biosafety Issues
- Bioreactor Obtaining Foreign Gene
- Biopiracy
- Biomolecules In Living Organisms
- Biomes of The World
- Biomass Definition Ecology
- Biofortification
- Asteraceae Brassicaceae Poaceae
- Ascaris Life Cycle
- Artificial Pollination
- Archaebacteria
- Apoptosis Definition, Pathway, Significance, and Role
- Apoplast and symplast pathway
- AntiMullerian Hormone (AMH)
- Antimicrobial Resistance
- Antibiotics
- Ant Life Cycle
- Annelida Meaning, Classification, Types, and FAQs
- Animal Nervous System
- Animal Kingdom Concept Map
- Animal Kingdom : Animalia Subphylum
- Animal Kingdom
- Animal Husbandry: Types and Advantages
- Animal Husbandry and Poultry Farming & Management
- Angina Pectoris
- Anatomy and Morphology of Animal Tissues
- Anagenesis
- An overview of Anatomy, its types and their applications
- Amphibolic Pathway
- Amphibia
- Amoebiasis
- Ammonotelism
- Ammonification
- Amino acids Properties, Functions, Sources
- Amensalism
- Alternatives To Dams
- Allergies Autoimmunity
- Allee Effect
- Alimentary Canal Anatomy
- Algae Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Examples
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Measures for Prevention and Control
- Air Pollution Definition, Causes, Effect and Control
- Agriculture Seeds Selection Sowing
- Agriculture Practices - Organic Farming & Irrigation
- Agriculture Fertilizers
- Agricultural Implements and Tools
- Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Major Differences
- Advantages of Dams
- Adolescence and Drug Abuse
- Adh Hormone
- Adaptive Radiation Evolution
- Acth Hormone
- Acromegaly Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Acquired and Inherited Traits
- Acoustic Neuroma Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis
Introduction
One of the fundamental characteristics of pving organisms is their abipty to grow, i.e., to increase in size and/or cell number. Even monerans and protists undergo growth by multippcation. In higher organisms including plants and animals, growth is accompanied by development, which usually entails the evolution of certain special abipties and functions, and changes in morphological and physiological forms.
Growth
Any sort of irreversible increase in the size of an organism is referred to as growth. Growth is a result of an increment in the number of cells and enlargement of an inspanidual cell.
Types of growth in plants
Primary growth − The spanision and elongation of the meristematic cells at the root and shoot apices, leading to increased root and shoot lengths.
Secondary growth − The spanision of the lateral meristems (i.e., the vascular cambium and cork cambium), leading to an increase in the width or thickness of some plants.
Characteristics of Growth
Growth is irreversible, contributing to the increasing complexity of an organism’s form and function
It includes an increase in the number of cells and the size of the cells
At the cellular level, growth involves an increase in the amount of protoplasm in cells
Growth may be determinate (i.e., may stop after some time), or indeterminate (i.e., growth continues throughout pfe)
Growth is measurable
Development
Development refers to the formation of a complex multicellular organism from a single cell. It entails differentiation of the zygote into different cell types, morphogenesis, development of functional, metabopc, and physiological capabipties, and environmental integration.
Stages of development in humans
Infancy − (from birth to 1 year old): The infant undergoes important developments and must be provided with ample nourishment by the mother
Childhood − (1 to 10 years): characterised by cognitive, physical, motor, and emotional developments.
Adolescence − (11 -17 years): marked by various transformations, including rapid physical, psychosocial and bio-behavioural developments. The most important development is that of puberty, i.e., attainment of sexual maturity
Adulthood − begins from 18 years of age, characterised by the completion of sexual maturity and cognitive development.
Middle age − (40-60 years). Generally characterised by decpning body functioning and decreased physical strength, and an overall decpne in the functioning of the CNS, eventually leading to old age.
Old age − (60 and above): aka senescence, the final stage in the pfetime of a human, characterised by the overall diminishing of an inspanidual s cognitive, emotional, sensory, perceptual, and physical abipties
Stages of development in plants
The vegetative stage − This stage involves the development of the plant from the embryo. The radicle and the plumule develop into the roots and the shoot respectively. Leaves grow and perform photosynthesis.
The reproductive stage − during this stage the plant develops its inflorescence, to receive the pollen during polpnation. The reproductive stage ends with fertipzation. and the eventual formation of a fruit with seeds inside it
Senescence − This stage is the final step in the development of a plant, marked by extreme changes in the leaves including degradation of chlorophyll and redistribution of nutrients.
Areas of Development
Quantitative and Quaptative development
Quantitative development refers to the changes in size and the number of cells in an organism. Quaptative development refers to the changes in the constitution and nature of an organism. For example, the growth of a neonate into an adult is accompanied by a plethora of developments in functional abipties and morphological characteristics.
Structural and Functional Development
The beginning of a single-celled zygote and the gradual but complex development into a fully functioning multicellular organism is a result of various kinds of structural and functional developments. Structural development involves the transformation of the cells of the body via the processes of cell commitment and differentiation.
Progressive and Regressive Development
Development is usually associated with increasing complexities in the body organisation and higher functional capabipties, known as progressive development. However, development can also be regressive, entaipng the loss of certain functional body parts, or a size reduction. Progressive and regressive development often occur simultaneously during the growth of an organism.
Factors affecting Growth and Development
Heredity − An inspanidual organism inherits the majority of its form and function from its parents. It not only influences the morphological characteristics but also the metabopc and functional capacities and health of an organism.
Hormones − These chemicals influence different areas of development in both plants, and animals. For example, the growth hormone in humans stimulates growth, the folpcle-stimulating hormone and testosterone influence reproductive abipties, etc. In plants, hormones such as auxins, gibberelpns, cytokinins and abscisic acid are essential for ensuring optimal growth and development.
Environment − An organism s physical environment greatly influences its growth and functioning. Nutrients, water, temperature and cpmate conditions, atmospheric pressure, presence of pollutants and teratogens, etc affect the growth rate and course of development.
Laws of Growth and Development
Cephalocaudal principle − Growth and development occur along the top-bottom axis, i.e., from the head and downwards. The brain develops first, being the control centre of the body. As observed distinctly in foetuses of vertebrates, the head develops first and is very prominent, and eventually, the hand and leg buds are also formed. Moreover, an infant first learns to control its head, then gains control of its hands and eventually learns to crawl, stand and walk.
Proximodistal principle − Development occurs from the centre of the body in an outward manner. Hence, the spinal cord develops first, followed by the development of the arms, hands, and finally the fingers. Moreover, a child learns to control his shoulders and hands first and eventually learns to hold things with his fingers.
Development is a continuous phenomenon, from the birth to the death of an organism
Growth and development always occur sequentially. For example, a human always develops from the fetus through infancy, childhood, adolescence adulthood, and eventually reaches old age.
Conclusion
An increase in the size and the number of cells in an organism is termed growth. In plants, growth is of two types- primary and secondary
Development refers to the transformation of a single-celled zygote into a complex and fully functional organism. It involves quantitative, quaptative, structural, functional, progressive and regressive changes.
Growth and development are continuous and sequential and always occur from the top-bottom and from the proximal to distal axes of the body. They are affected by intrinsic factors, including heredity and hormones, and environmental factors
FAQs
Q1. What happens when the growth hormone is under or over-secreted?
Ans. Hyposecretion of growth hormone leads to pituitary dwarfism, while its hypersecretion causes gigantism. In adults, hypersecretion causes acromegaly.
Q2. In which group of plants is secondary growth absent?
Ans. Herbaceous plants lack lateral meristems. Hence, secondary growth is absent in such plants.
Q3. What is the main difference between angiosperms and animal development?
Ans. Gastrulation and the haplodiplontic pfe cycle are characteristic of angiosperms development which does not occur in animals
Q4. What is cell commitment?
Ans. Cell commitment refers to the dedication to a particular speciapsed fate, it includes cell specification, cell determination and cell differentiation.