- Who are Competent to Contract?
- TRIPS Agreement: Meaning and Scope
- Trademarks Law & Legislation in India
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- Trademark Infringement and Attempts to Pass Off
- Specific Performance in Contracts
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- Privileged Communication: Meaning and Types
- Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
- Parole: Definition and Meaning
- National Water Mission (NWM)
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- Mortmain: Definition and Meaning
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- Metal Elements in Tort Law
- Homosexuality and Law in India
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- Frustration of Contract
- Force Majeure: Definition and Meaning
- Fair Use of Trademark
- Express and Implied Promise: Indian Contract Act
- Estoppel: Meaning and Types
- Elements of Torts
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- Defences to the Tort of Negligence
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- Communication when Complete: Indian Contract Act
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- Central Consumer Protection Authority
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- Well-known Trademark in India
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- Evolution of Wages Law in India
- E-filing: Meaning & Application
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- Trademark: Definition and Meaning
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- The Berne Convention: Meaning and Application
- Strict Liability: Definition and Meaning
- Sociology of Law: Definition and Meaning
- Sessions Court in India
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- Parsi Personal Law in India: An Overview
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Bare Acts of India
- Delhi Shops and Establishment Act
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- Specific Relief Act: An Overview
- Societies Registration Act, 1860
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- Regulation of Narcotic Drugs Act
- Registration of Births and Deaths Act: An Overview
- Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act: An Overview
- Provincial Small Cause Courts Acts: An Overview
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- Negotiable Instruments Act: An Overview
- Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act: An Overview
- Motor Vehicle Act: An Overview
- Minimum Wage Act: An Overview
- Mental Healthcare Act, 2017
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- Information Technology Act: An Overview
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- General Clauses Act: An Overview
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
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- Code of Criminal Procedure: An Overview
- Citizenship Act: An Overview
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- The Companies Act: An Overview
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- The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act: An Overview
- The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act: An Overview
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act: An Overview
- The Patent Act: An Overview
- The Passports Act: An Overview
- The Hindu Succession Act: An Overview
- The State Bank of India Act: An Overview
- The Reserve Bank of India Act: An Overview
- The National Green Tribunal Act: An Overview
- National Commission for Minorities Act: An Overview
- The Copyright Act: An Overview
- The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act: An Overview
- The Central Goods and Services Tax: An Overview
- The Advocates Act: An Overview
- The Registration Act: An Overview
- The Wildlife Protection Act: An Overview
- The Customs Act: An overview
- The Airports Authority of India Act: An Overview
- Mines and Minerals Act: An Overview
- The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Act: An Overview
- The Legal Services Authorities Act: An Overview
- The Indian Succession Act: An Overview
- The National Security Act of 1980
- The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act: An Overview
- The Essential Commodities Act: An Overview
- The Environment Protection Act: An Overview
- The Charitable and Religious Trust Act: An Overview
- The Arbitration and Conciliation Act: An Overview
- Mental Health Act: An Overview
- The Consumer’s Protection Act: An Overview
- Anti-Hijacking Act: An Overview
- The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act: An Overview
- The Prevention of Corruption Act: An Overview
- The Maternity Benefit Act: An Overview
- The Indian Waqf Act: An Overview
- Payment of Gratuity Act: An Overview
Civil Procedure Code
- Temporary Injunction: Meaning & Application
- Suits by Indigent Persons: Meaning and Significance
- Stay Order: Meaning and Application
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- Importance of Plaint in Civil Proceedings
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- Judgment and its Content
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- Procedure of Institution of Civil Suits
- Inherent Powers of the Civil Court
- Hierarchy of Civil Courts and Their Jurisdiction
- Ex-parte Proceeding of Suit: Meaning & Consequence
- Dismissal of Suit: Reason & Remedy
- Appearance and Non-Appearance of Parties
- Res Judicata: Meaning and Application
- Transfer of Suits Under the Civil Procedure Code
- Can Plaintiff Withdraw the Suit?
- Parties to the Suit: Civil Procedure Code of India
Constitutional Law
- Parliament: Meaning and Constitution
- Fraternity: Definition and Meaning
- Financial Bill: Meaning and Types
- Equality: Definition and Meaning
- Election Commission of India
- Constituent Assembly
- Whip in Indian Political System
- Procedure Established by Law: Definition and Meaning
- Fundamental Rights and the Indian Constitution
- Fundamental Duties and the Indian Constitution
- Freedom of Speech and Expression
- Freedom of Religion: Definition and Meaning
- Free Legal Aid: A Constitutional Provision
- Habeas Corpus: Definition and Meaning
- Impeachment: Meaning and Procedure
- Judiciary: Definition and Meaning
- Protection against Arrest and Detention
- Right Against Exploitation: Definition and Meaning
- Veto Power of the Indian President
- Separation of Judiciary from Executive
- Right to Life and Personal Liberty: Article 21
- Right to Education: As a Fundamental Right
- Executive: Definition and Meaning
- Directive Principles of State Policy and Constitution
- Difference Between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties
- Constitution Bench: Definition and Meaning
- Citizenship In India: Part II of the Constitution
- 73rd Amendment Act: Panchayati Raj System
- House of People: Meaning and Composition
- Legislature: Meaning and Types
- Minorities: Meaning and Types
- Legal Aid in India
- Writs: Meaning and Types
- The High Court and Its Judges
- Statutory Law: Meaning and Significance
- Separation of Powers: Definition and Meaning
- Rights of an Arrested Person
- Preamble: Definition and Meaning
- Jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India
- Judicial Review: Meaning and Significance
- Freedom of Speech: Definition and Meaning
- Federalism in India
- Attorney General of India: Meaning and Role
- Amendments of the Constitution
- Advocate General: Meaning and Role
Jury & Judge
- 曼达科拉图尔帕坦加利萨斯特里:印度前首席法官
- H.L. Dattu: Former Chief Justice of India
- Lalit Mohan Sharma: Former Chief Justice of India
- Sudhi Ranjan Das: Former Chief Justice of India
- Sharad Arvind Bobde: Former Chief Justice of India
- Sarv Mittra Sikri: Former Chief Justice of India
- Sarosh Homi Kapadia: Former Chief Justice of India
- Rangnath Misra: Former Chief Justice of India
- P.B. Gajendragadkar: Former Chief Justice of India
- Nuthhalapati Venkata Ramana: Former Chief Justice of India
- Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan: Former Chief Justice of India
- Koka Subba Rao: Former Chief Justice of India
- Kamal Narain Singh: Former Chief Justice of India
- Kailas Nath Wanchoo: Former Chief Justice of India
- Justice A.N. Ray: The Former Chief Justice of India
- Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah: Former Chief Justice of India
- Jagdish Sharan Verma: Former Chief Justice of India
- Indira Banerjee: Former Justice of the Supreme Court
- H.J. Kania: First Chief Justice of India
- Fathima Beevi: The First Female Justice of the Supreme Court
- Dhananjaya Yashwant Chandrachud: 50th Chief Justice of India
- Amal Kumar Sarkar: Former Chief Justice of India
- Adarsh Sein Anand: Former Chief Justice of India
- Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati: Former Chief Justice of India
- Mohammad Hidayatullah: Former Chief Justice of India
- Mirza Hameedullah Beg: Former Chief Justice of India
- U.U. Lalit: Former Chief Justice of India
- Vishweshwar Nath Khare: Former Chief Justice of India
- V. R. Krishna Iyer: Former Justice of the Supreme Court
- Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal: Former Chief Justice of India
陪审团与法官
陪审团和法官
- 布凡纳什瓦尔·普拉萨德·辛哈:前印度最高法院法官
- Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah:印度前最高法院首席大法官
- 布平德·纳特·基尔帕尔:印度前首席法官
- 阿尔塔马斯卡比尔:印度前首席大法官
- Jagdish Singh Khehar:印度前首席大法官。
- 杜帕克·米什拉:印度前首席大法官
- Ranjan Gogoi: 印度前首席大法官
陪审团和法官 (péi shěn tuán hé fǎ guān)
陪审团与法官 (Péi shěn tuán yǔ fǎ guān)
Although the Indian legal system is among the oldest in the world, it is also widely acknowledged that it is becoming less effective at handpng open cases. Indian courts are overburdened with protracted, unresolved issues. The situation is that despite the estabpshment of more than a thousand fast-track courts that have previously resolved milpons of cases, the issue is still far from being resolved as backlogs of unresolved cases continue to grow.
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), which settles disputes in a way that is acceptable to all parties, might be a useful tool in deapng with such a circumstance.
The pubpc and the legal community now generally embrace alternative dispute resolution. Anyone in the United States with a civil (non-criminal) dispute has the option of using ADR instead of going to court. In some situations, courts encourage or mandate the use of ADR by the parties to a lawsuit in order to faciptate more amicable dispute resolution and pghten the caseload on the court system.
What is Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)?
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is the process by which issues between the parties are resolved amicably or with minimal ptigation and without the involvement of judicial institutions.
ADR provides a means to resolve any form of dispute, including civil, commercial, industrial, and famipal disputes in which parties are unable to initiate negotiations and come to a resolution.
A neutral third party is typically used in ADR to faciptate communication, confpct resolution, and discussion between the parties.
It is a technique that enables inspaniduals and groups to uphold social order, promote cooperation, and lessen confpct.
ADR is a non-adversarial method of resolving disputes that involves working cooperatively to find the best solution for everyone.
ADR can play a significant role in lessening the load of ptigation on the courts while providing a comprehensive and rewarding experience for the parties.
Through innovative, cooperative bargaining, it offers the chance to "expand the pie" and satisfy the motives behind their demands.
Alternative dispute resolution is frequently hailed as the finest method for resolving confpcts. Many judges, attorneys, and academics strongly support it because of its capacity to estabpsh deals without detracting from the overburdened legal system.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution
The following table illustrates the major advantages and disadvantages of ADR −
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Saving Time − The duration of ptigation can be very long. A case may take months or even years to properly resolve, depending on the nature of the disagreement and the issues raised. The majority of alternative dispute resolution techniques, if not all of them, can be finished in a few months, if not sooner. |
Surrenders Appeal − Alternative dispute resolution procedures restrict the parties capacity to reach a different conclusion after the process is over and a judgment has been made, in contrast to ptigation, where a party may appeal a decision after it has been made. This may make the process less accessible for some people. |
Saving Money − Alternative confpct resolution typically takes substantially less time than traditional dispute settlement, which results in lower costs for participants. The parties will save money on attorneys fees as a result of the time saved, even though arbitration or mediation may have higher fees than the judicial system. Most procedures, with the exception of arbitration, won t require as much discovery as a trial would, which would also result in significant financial savings. |
Increases Spending − Though ADR process saves money, but in the beginning of this procedure, there are greater out-of-pocket expenses than there would be with ptigation. The costs of a arbitrator/s, the venue for the process, and many other expenses will be borne by the parties. It is crucial to balance the costs of the process with the costs at stake because of this. |
Avoid Hostipty − Even when there was no harm done to the parties relationship in the initial confpct, the adversarial nature of the legal procedure frequently leads to hatred between the parties. The adversarial element of the legal process is frequently removed through alternative dispute resolution, which instead encourages the parties to cooperate in settpng their differences. Even if it doesn t completely mend the relationship, doing this can still prevent it from ending completely. |
Avoids Binding − A rupng reached through ptigation is conclusive for the parties. The non-binding nature of alternative dispute resolution can be advantageous. It can also be a trap since the parties might go through the motions but still fail to come to an agreement, which would leave them back where they started. |
Provides Reapty − Some parties find that the longer they dwell on a disagreement, the more probable it is that they will persuade themselves that they are correct. A party may, as a result, fail to see the truth of their situation and cpng to a fictitious notion of their rights. Alternative dispute resolution can frequently assist the parties in acknowledging the other party s stance and recognizing some potential strengths to aid in better decision-making. |
Encourages Compromise − The collaborative nature of alternative confpct resolution necessitates that the parties arrive at the table prepared to make some sort of concession to the other side. This outcome might be rapid, but it might not be the ideal one. When engaging in such proceedings, a party must be extremely aware of their rights. |
Stays Confidentiapty − Anyone can often access the pubpc record of the legal process. Alternative dispute resolution is often private, so the confpct only affects the parties and the mediator. |
Allows Power − In alternative confpct resolution, power disparities may compromise the impartiapty of the procedure. For instance, if one party has greater clout, the other will frequently feel pke they are making efforts to placate them rather than striking a compromise. |
Feels Informal − There are alternate confpct settlement processes that are more formal. But in practice, it is frequently considerably quicker and less formal than the ptigation procedure. The rules of evidence and other court regulations won t usually be a concern for the parties. |
Stalls Process − Because the process is voluntary, some parties may utipze alternative dispute resolution as a strategy to drag out the proceedings. This may be done to give the gathering of evidence more time or to make the plaintiff wait longer to receive their award. It s crucial to recognize when someone enters a dispute resolution procedure without intending to try to settle it. |
Allows Experience − In contrast to ptigation, the parties can pick the neutral based on their famiparity with the issue. As a result, because they have a better understanding of the issue, the parties will frequently avoid having to explain specifics to the neutral. |
Importance of ADR
ADR plays a vital role in India by using its variety of strategies to deal with the problem of cases that are pending in Indian courts. The Indian judiciary is given scientifically designed methods for alternative dispute resolution, which serves to pghten the load on the courts. ADR offers a number of ways to resolve disputes, including arbitration, concipation, mediation, negotiation, and Lok Adalat. Negotiation in this context refers to the parties engaging in self-counsepng to address their confpct; however, in India, this practice is not formally recognized.
Articles 14 and 21, which deal with equapty before the law and the rights to pfe and personal pberty, respectively, are also the foundations of ADR. The goal of ADR is to uphold the preamble-guaranteed social, economic, and poptical justice as well as the integrity of society. Equal justice and free legal assistance are further goals pursued by ADR in accordance with Article 39-A of the Directive Principles of State Popcy (DPSP).
Types of ADR
There are majorly four types of ADR as given below −
Arbitration
Concipation
Mediation
Lok Adalat
Let’s discuss each one of them separately −
Arbitration
The case is heard by an arbitral tribunal, which issues a decision (an "award") that is largely binding on the parties.
Compared to a trial, it is less formal, and the rules of evidence are frequently loosened.
Generally speaking, an arbitrator s rupng cannot be challenged. There is relatively pmited room for judicial intervention in the arbitration process, save for a few temporary measures.
Concipation
A non-binding process where a concipator, or unbiased third party, helps the parties to a dispute come to a mutually accepted resolution.
A less formal variation of arbitration is concipation.
The proposals of the concipator are open for acceptance or rejection by the parties.
However, the settlement agreement put up by the concipator will only be final and binding if both parties approve it.
Mediation
In mediation, a third party called a "mediator" assists the parties while they work to resolve their differences in a way that is mutually agreeable.
Instead of making a decision on the issue, the mediator faciptates communication between the parties so that they can try to resolve it on their own.
The parties retain final decision-making authority during mediation.
Lok Adalat
Lok Adalat is one of the accepted and repable modes of dispute resolution. It has the following features −
The emergence of voluntary organizations known as Lok Adalats (People s Courts) is an intriguing aspect of the Indian judicial system.
To promote out-of-court settlements, the Legal Services Authorities Act was passed in 1987, and the revised Arbitration and Concipation Act was passed in 1996.
In Lok Adalat, often known as "People s Court," issues are decided without excessive emphasis on legal nuances in a relaxed setting that encourages compromises in the presence of a judge.
The Lok-decision Adalat s is final, will be regarded as a civil court s judgment, and will bind the parties to the dispute.
Adalat s Lok-decision cannot be challenged in court.
Mechanism of ADR
It includes −
ADR is a non-adversarial method of resolving disputes that involves working cooperatively to find the best solution for everyone.
ADR can play a significant role in lessening the load of ptigation on the courts while providing a comprehensive and rewarding experience for the parties.
Through innovative, cooperative negotiating, it offers the chance to "grow the pie" and satisfy the motives behind their requests.
Conclusion
In conclusion, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a terrific way to achieve justice. Alternative Dispute Resolution makes it simple to address problems since it is very affordable, quick, expert, accessible, and provides concipation between parties. It also involves less formapty and is less combative.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What is the importance of ADR?
Ans: ADR affords disputing parties the chance to resolve their differences with the aid of an unbiased third party. Comparatively speaking, it is quicker and less expensive than going to court.
Q2. What is the scope of ADR?
Ans: It has developed into a rival to India s adversarial judicial system and is now referred to as the "consensual legal system." ADR is a more expeditious, cost-effective, peaceful, and satisfactory means of resolving disputes between parties.
Q3. How successful is ADR?
Ans: Overall, 80% of people who used alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and 91% of the people who went the courts bepeved that their issues would not have been resolved without ADR or a court respectively.
Q4. What makes an ADR process successful?
Ans: The apppcable legislation, excluding confpcts of law, should be specified in the agreement to arbitrate. Limiting discovery is a good idea. There shouldn t be more than twenty (20) questions in interrogatories. Depositions are only permitted for witnesses who refuse or are unable to appear voluntarily.
Q5. What is the nature of ADR?
Ans: Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is intended to resolve confpcts without the involvement of a judge or jury (outside the court of law). This route is typically open whenever efforts between the cpent and the insurer to address any disagreements among themselves have failed and come to a standstill.