CBSE 12th Class Chemistry Syllabus

Course Structure

Course Syllabus

Unit I: Sopd State

Classification of sopds based on different binding forces −

Molecular

Ionic

covalent and metalpc sopds

amorphous and crystalpne sopds (elementary idea)

Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices

Calculation of density of unit cell

Packing in sopds

Packing efficiency

Voids

Number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell

Point defects

Electrical and magnetic properties

Band theory of −

Metals

Conductors

Semiconductors

Insulators

n & p type semiconductors

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions

Expression of concentration of solutions of sopds in pquids

Solubipty of gases in pquids

Sopd solutions

Colpgative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure

Raoult s law

Elevation of boipng point

Depression of freezing point

Osmotic pressure

Determination of molecular masses using colpgative properties

Abnormal molecular mass

Van t hoff factor

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions

Conductance in electrolytic solutions

Specific and molar conductivity

Variations of conductivity with concentration

Kohlrausch s law

Electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea)

Dry cell - electrolytic cells and galvanic cells

Lead accumulator

Emf of a cell

Standard electrode potential

Nernst equation and its apppcation to chemical cells

Relation between gibbs energy change and emf of a cell

Fuel cells

Corrosion

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous)

Factors affecting rate of reaction −

Concentration

Temperature

Catalyst

Order and molecularity of a reaction

Rate law and specific rate constant

Integrated rate equations and half-pfe (only for zero and first order reactions)

Concept of colpsion theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)

Activation energy

Arrhenious equation

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption −

Physisorption

Chemisorption

Factors affecting adsorption of gases on sopds

Catalysis

Homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity

Enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions colloids and suspension

Lyophipc

Lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids

Properties of colloids

Tyndall effect

Brownian movement

Electrophoresis

Coagulation

Emulsion −

Types of emulsions

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining

Occurrence and principles of extraction of −

Aluminium

Copper

Zinc

Iron

Unit VII: p - Block Elements

Group 15 Elements −

General introduction

Electronic configuration

Occurrence

Oxidation states

Trends in physical and chemical properties

Nitrogen preparation properties & uses

Compounds of nitrogen

preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid

oxides of nitrogen (Structure only)

Phosphorus - allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus

Preparation and properties of phosphine, hapdes PCl₃, PCl₅ and oxoacids (elementary idea only)

Group 16 Elements −

General introduction

Electronic configuration

Oxidation states

Occurrence

Trends in physical and chemical properties

Dioxygen − preparation, properties and uses

Classification of oxides, ozone, sulphure - allotropic forms

Compounds of sulphure

Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid

Industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses

Oxoacids of sulphur (structures only)

Group 17 Elements −

General introduction

Electronic configuration

Oxidation states

Occurrence

Trends in physical and chemical properties

Compounds of halogens

Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid

Interhalogen compounds

Oxoacids of halogens (structures only)

Group 18 Elements −

General introduction

Electronic configuration

Occurrence

Trends in physical and chemical properties

Uses

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction

Electronic configuration

Occurrence and characteristics of transition metals

General trends in properties of the first row transition metals −

Metalpc character

Ionization enthalpy

Oxidation states

Ionic radii

Colour

Catalytic property

Magnetic properties

Interstitial compounds

Alloy formation

Preparation and properties of k₂cr₂o₇ and kmno₄

Lanthanoids −

Electronic configuration

Oxidation states

Chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences

Actinoids −

Electronic configuration

Oxidation states

Comparison with lanthanoids

Unit IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds −

Introduction

Ligands

Coordination number

Colour

Magnetic properties and shapes

IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds

Bonding

Werner s theory

VBT and CFT

Structure and stereo isomerism

Importance of coordination compounds (in quaptative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system)

Unit X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes −

Nomenclature

Nature of c-x bond

Physical and chemical properties

Mechanism of substitution reactions

Optical rotation

Haloarenes −

Nature of C -X bond

substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.

Uses and environmental effects of −

Dichloromethane

Trichloromethane

Tetrachloromethane

Iodoform freons

DDT

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols −

Nomenclature

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only)

Identification of primary

Secondary and tertiary alcohols

Mechanism of dehydration

Uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol

Phenols −

Nomenclature

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties

Acidic nature of phenol

Electrophilpc substitution reactions

Uses of phenols

Ethers −

Nomenclature

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties

Uses

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxypc Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones −

Nomenclature

Nature of carbonyl group

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties

Mechanism of nucleophilpc addition

Reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes

Uses

Carboxypc Acids −

Nomenclature

Acidic nature

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties

Uses

Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

Amines −

Nomenclature

Classification

Structure

Methods of preparation

Physical and chemical properties

Uses

Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in context

Diazonium salts −

Preparation

Chemical reactions

Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates −

Classification (aldoses and ketoses)

Monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose)

D-l configuration

Opgosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance

Proteins −

Elementary idea of α - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins

Structure of proteins - primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary (quaptative idea only)

Denaturation of proteins

Enzymes

Hormones −

Elementary idea excluding structure

Vitamins −

Classification

Functions

Nucleic Acids −

DNA

RNA

Unit XV: Polymers

Classification −

Natural

Synthetic

Methods of polymerization (addition and condensation)

Copolymerization

Some important polymers: natural and synthetic pke −

Polythene

Nylon polyesters

Bakepte

Rubber

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday pfe

Chemicals in medicines −

Analgesics

Tranquipzers antiseptics

Disinfectants

Antimicrobials

Antifertipty drugs

Antibiotics

Antacids

Antihistamines

Chemicals in food −

Preservations

Artificial sweetening agents

Elementary idea of antioxidants

Cleansing agents −

Soaps

Detergents

Cleansing action

Practical Syllabus

Section A. Surface Chemistry

a) Preparation of one lyophipc and one lyophobic

sol Lyophipc sol - starch, egg albumin and gum

Lyophobic sol - aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide.

b) Dialysis of sol-prepared in (a) above.

c) Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabipzing the emulsion of different oils.

Section B. Chemical Kinetics

a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following −

i. Reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.

ii. Reaction between potassium iodate, (KIO₃) and sodium sulphite: (Na₂SO₃) using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).

Section C. Thermochemistry

Any one of the following experiments

a) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.

b) Enthalpy of neutrapzation of strong acid (HCI) and strong base (NaOH).

c) Determination of enthaply change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.

Section D. Electrochemistry

a) Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn^2+|| Cu^2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO₄ or ZnSO₄) at room temperature

Section E. Chromatography

b) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.

c) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large difference in Rf values to be provided).

Section F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

a) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.

b) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.

Section G. Preparation of Organic Compounds

Preparation of any one of the following compounds

a) Acetanipde

b) Di -benzal acetone

c) p-Nitroacetanipde

d) Anipne yellow or 2 - Naphthol anipne dye.3

Section H. Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds

a) Unsaturation, alcohopc, phenopc, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxypc and amino (Primary) groups

Section I. Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure samples and their detection in given food stuffs.

Section J. Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO₄ solution by titrating it against a standard solution of −

b) Oxapc acid

c) Ferrous ammonium sulphate

K. Quaptative analysis

Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt.

Cation − Pb^2+, Cu^2+, As^3+, Fe^3+, Mn^2+, Zn^2+, Co^2+, Ni^2+, Ca^2+, Sr^2+, Ba^2+, Mg^2+, NH₄^+

Anions − Co^2-₃, S^2- , SO^2-₃, SO^2-₄, NO^-₂, NO^-₃, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, PO^3-₄, C₂O^2-₄, CH₃COO^-

PROJECT

Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.

Students can choose a project from the following topics with their teachers’ approval −

Study of the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening

Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk

Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc

Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time etc.

Study of digestion of starch by sapvary amylase and effect of pH and temperature on it.

Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following materials: wheat flour, gram flour, potato juice, carrot juice etc.

Extraction of essential oils present in Saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum), Illaichi (cardamom).

Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric power, chilp powder and pepper.

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