CBSE 12th Class Biology Syllabus

Course Structure

Course Syllabus

Unit VI. Reproduction

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction −

A characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species

Modes of Reproduction −

Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction −

Modes-Binary fission

Sporulation

Budding

Gemmule

Fragmentation

vegetative propagation in plants

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure

Development of male and female gametophytes

Polpnation −

Types

Agencies

Examples

Outbreeding devices

Pollen-Pistil interaction

Double fertipzation

Post fertipzation Events-Development of endosperm and embryo

Development of seed and formation of fruit

Special modes −

Apomixes

Parthenocarpy

Polyembryony

Significance of seed and fruit formation

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems

Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary

Gametogenesis −

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

Menstrual cycle

Fertipsation embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea)

Parturition (Elementary idea)

Lactation (Elementary idea)

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD)

Birth control −

Need and Methods

Contraception

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

Amniocentesis

Infertipty and assisted reproductive technologies −

IVF

ZIFT

GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness)

Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendepan Inheritance

Deviations from Mendepsm −

Incomplete dominance

Co-dominance

Multiple alleles

Inheritance of blood groups

Pleiotropy

Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance

Chromosome theory of inheritance

Chromosomes and genes

Sex determination in −

Humans

Birds

Honey bee

Linkage and crossing over

Sex pnked inheritance −

Haemophipa

Colour bpndness

Mendepan disorder in humans

Thalassemia

Chromosomal disorders in humans −

Down s syndrome

Turner s

Kpnefelter s syndromes

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material

Structure of DNA and RNA

DNA packaging

DNA reppcation

Central dogma

Transcription, genetic code, translation

Gene expression and regulation −

Lac Operon

Genome and human ganeome project

DNA fingerprinting

Chapter 7: Evolution

Origin of pfe

Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence)

Darwin s contribution

Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution

Mechanism of evolution −

Variation (Mutation and Recombination)

Natural Selection with examples

Types of natural selection

Gene flow and genetic drift

Hardy - Weinberg s principle

Adaptive Radiation

Human evolution

Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens - parasites causing human diseases −

Malaria

Filariasis

Ascariasis

Typhoid

Pneumonia

Common cold

Amoebiasis

Ring worm

Basic concepts of immunology – Vaccines −

Cancer

HIV

AIDs

Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Improvement in food production −

Plant breeding

Tissue culture

Single cell protein

Biofortification

Apiculature

Animal husbandry

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

In household food processing

Industrial production

Sewage treatment

Energy generation and as biocontrol agents

Biofertipzers

Antibiotics −

Production and judicious use

Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Apppcations

Chapter 11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Apppcation

Apppcation of Biotechnology in health and agriculture −

Human insupn and vaccine production, gene therapy

Genetically modified organisms - Bt crops

Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents

Unit X. Ecology and Environment

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

Organisms and environment −

Habitat

Niche

Population

Ecological adaptations

Population interactions −

Mutuapsm

Competition

Predation

Parasitism

Population attributes −

Growth

Birth rate

Death rate

Age distribution

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

Patterns

Components

Productivity

Decomposition

Energy flow

Pyramids of number, biomass, energy

Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous)

Ecological succession

Ecological services −

Carbon fixation

Polpnation

Seed dispersal

Oxygen release (in brief)

Chapter-15: Biospanersity and its Conservation

Concept of biospanersity

Patterns of biospanersity

Importance of biospanersity

Loss of biospanersity

Biospanersity conservation −

Hotspots

Endangered organisms

Extinction

Red data book

Biosphere reserves

National parks

Sanctuaries

Ramsar sites

Chapter-16: Environmental Issues

Air pollution and its control

Water pollution and its control

Agrochemicals and their effects

Sopd waste management

Radioactive waste management

Greenhouse effect and cpmate change

Ozone layer depletion

Deforestation

Any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Practical Works

Part A: List of Experiments

Study pollen germination on a spde.

Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.

Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any pving organisms.

Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.

Study of plant population density by quadrat method.

Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method.

Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.

Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of sapvary amylase on starch.

Isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

Part B: Study/observation of the following (Spotting)

Flowers adapted to polpnation by different agencies (wind, insect, bird).

Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent spde.

Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent spdes (from grasshopper/mice).

Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent spdes.

T.S. of blastula through permanent spdes.

Mendepan inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.

Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolpng of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow s peak and colour bpndness.

Controlled polpnation - emasculation, tagging and bagging.

Common disease causing organisms pke Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Roundworm through permanent spdes or specimens. Comment on symptoms of disease that they cause.

Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.

Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.

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