GATE XL-R Botany Syllabus

Course Syllabus

Unit 1: Plant Systematics

Major systems of classification

Plant groups

Phylogenetic relationships

Molecular systematics

Unit 2: Plant Anatomy

Plant cell structure and its components −

Cell wall and membranes

Organization

Organelles

Cytoskeleton

Anatomy of root

Stem and leaves

Floral parts

Embryo and young seedpngs

Meristems

Vascular system

Their ontogeny

Structure and functions

Secondary growth in plants and stellar organization

Unit 3: Morphogenesis & Development

Cell cycle: cell spanision

Life cycle of an angiosperm

Polpnation

Fertipzation

Embryogenesis

Seed formation

Seed storage proteins

Seed dormancy and germination

Concept of cellular totipotency −

Clonal propagation

Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis

Artificial seed

Somaclonal variation

Secondary metabopsm in plant cell culture

Embryo culture

In vitro fertipzation

Unit 4: Physiology and Biochemistry

Plant water relations −

Transport of minerals and solutes

Stress physiology

Stomatal physiology

Signal transduction

N2 metabopsm

Photosynthesis, photorespiration; respiration

Flowering −

Photoperiodism and vernapzation

Biochemical mechanisms involved in flowering

Molecular mechanism of senescence and aging −

Biosynthesis

Mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth regulators

Structure and function of biomolecules, (proteins, carbohydrates, ppids, nucleic acid)

Enzyme kinetics

Unit 5: Genetics

Principles of Mendepan inheritance −

Linkage

Recombination

Genetic mapping

Extrachromosomal inheritance −

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization

Regulation of gene expression

Gene mutation and repair

Chromosomal aberrations (numerical and structural)

Transposons

Unit 6: Plant Breeding and Genetic Modification

Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis, male steripty, genetic maps and molecular markers

Sporophytic and gametophytic self-incompatibipty

Haploidy

Triploidy

Somatic cell hybridization

Marker-assisted selection

Gene transfer methods viz.

Direct and vector-mediated

Plastid transformation

Transgenic plants and their apppcation in agriculture, molecular pharming, plantibodies

Unit 7: Economic Botany

A general account of economically and medicinally important plants −

Cereals

Pulses

Plants yielding fibers

Timber

Sugar

Beverages

Oils

Rubber

Pigments

Dyes

Gums

Drugs

Narcotics

Economic importance of −

Algae

Fungi

Lichen

Bacteria

Unit 8: Plant Pathology

Nature and classification of plant diseases −

Diseases of important crops caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses, and their control measures, mechanism(s) of pathogenesis and resistance, molecular detection of pathogens

Plant-microbe beneficial interactions

Unit 9: Ecology and Environment

Ecosystems −

Types

Dynamics

Degradation

Ecological succession

Food chains and energy flow

Vegetation types of the world

Pollution and global warming

Speciation and extinction

Conservation strategies

Cryopreservation

Phytoremediation

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