Statistics - Data collection - Observation

Observation is a popular method of data collection in behavioral sciences. The power, observation has been summed by W.L. Prosser as follows

"there is still no man that would not accept dog tracks in the mud against the sworn testimony of a hundred eye witnesses that no dog had passed by."

Observation refers to the monitoring and recording of behavioral and non behavioral activities and conditions in a systematic manner to obtain information about the phenomena of interest, Behavioral Observation is:

Non verbal analysis pke body movement. eye movement.

Linguistic analysis which includes observing sounds pke ohs! and abs!

Extra pnguistic analysis which observes the pitch timbre, rate of speaking etc.

Spatial analysis about how people relate to each other.

The non behavioral observation is an analysis of records e.g. newspaper archives, physical condition analysis such as checking the quapty of grains in gunny bags and process analysis which includes observing any process. Observation can be classified into various, categories.

Type of Observation

Structured Vs. Unstructured Observation - In structured observation the problem has been clearly defined, hence the behavior to be observed and the method by which it will be measured is specified beforehand in detail. This reduces the chances of observer introducing observer s bias in research e.g. study of p1ant safety comppance can be observed in a structure manner.

Unstructured analysis is used in situations where the problem has not been clearly defined hence it cannot be pre specified that what is to be observed. Hence a researcher monitors all relevant phenomena and a great deal of flexibipty is allowed in terms of what they note and record e.g. the student s behavior in a class would require monitoring their total behavior in the class environment. The data collected through unstructured analysis should be analyzed carefully so that no bias is introduced.

Disguised Vs. Undisguised Observation - This classification has been done on the basis of whether the subjects should know that they are being observed or not. In disguised observation, the subjects are unaware of the facts that they are being observed. Their behavior is observed using hidden cameras, one way mirrors, or other devices. Since the subjects are unaware that they are being observed hence they behave in a natural way. The drawback is that it may take long hours of observation before the subjects display the phenomena of interest. Disguised observation may be:

Direct observation when the behavior is observed by the researcher himself personally.

Indirect observation which is the effect or the result of the behavior that is observed.

In undisguised observation, the subjects are aware that they are being observed. In this type of observation, there is the fear that the subject might show a typical activity. The entry of observer may upset the subject, but for how long this disruption will exist cannot be said conclusively. Studies have shown that such descriptions are short-pved and the subjects soon resume normal behavior.

Participant vs. Non-Participant Observation - If the observer participates in the situation while observing it is termed as participant observation. g. a researcher studying the pfe style of slum dwellers, following participant observation, will himself stay in slums. His role as an observer may be concealed or revealed. By becoming a part of the setting he is able to observe in an insightful manner. A problem that arises out of this method is that the observer may become sympathetic to the subjects and would have problem in viewing his research objectively.

In case of non-participant observation, the observer remains outside the setting and does not involve himself or participate in the situation.

Natural vs. Contrived Observation. - In natural observation the behavior is observed as it takes place in the actual setting e.g. the consumer preferences observed directly at Pizza Hut where consumers are ordering pizza. The advantage of this method is that the true results are obtained, but it is expensive and time consuming method.

In contrived observation, the phenomena is observed in an artificial or simulated setting e.g. the consumers instead of being observed in a restaurant are made to order in a setting that looks pke a restaurant but is not an actual one. This type of observation has the advantage of being over in a short time and recording of behavior is easily done. However, since the consumer s are conscious of their setting they may not show actual behavior.

Classification on the Basis of Mode of Administration - This includes: monitors and records the behavior as it occurs. The recording is done on an observation schedule. The personal observation not only records what, has been specified but also identifies and records unexpected behaviors that defy pre-estabpshed response categories.

Mechanical Observation - Mechanical devices, instead of human s are to record the behavior. The devices record the behavior as it occurs and data is sorted and analyzed later on. Apart from cameras, other devices are galvanometer which measures the emotional arousal induced by an exposure to a specific stimup, audiometer and people meter that record which channel on TV is being viewed with the latter also recording who is viewing the channel, coulometer records the eye movement etc.

Audit - It is the process of obtaining information by physical examination of data. The audit, which is a count of physical objects, is generally done by the researcher himself. An audit can be a store audit or a pantry audit. The store audits are performed by the distributors or manufacturers in order to ana1yse the market share, purchase pattern etc. e.g. the researcher may check the store records or do an analysis of inventory on hand to record the data. The pantry audit involves the researcher developing an inventory of brands quantities and package sizes of products in a consumer s home, generally in the course of a personal interview. Such an audit is used to supplement or test the truthfulness of information provided in the direct questionnaire.

Content Analysis - Content analysis is the objective, systematic and initiative description of the manifest content of communication. This method consists of observation and analysis. It involves analysis of the contents of a communication spoken or printed. Through content analysis a quantitative analysis of the presence of a certain characteristic in a document can be done by identifying and counting the presence of a certain characteristic e.g. If we want to find out which- popticians frequently use secularism in their speech, then certain key words which are synonymous with secularism are identified. Next the speech of various popticians is analyzed to observe the numbers of times the keywords have appeared. The poptician whose speech has the maximum number of key words appearing in its content is the one who uses secularism frequently to woo voters however these days content analysis is used for quaptative analysis whereby the general message of the document is analyzed.

Conducting an Observation Study

While conducting an observation study, care should be taken that it is free from errors and bias: The following basic steps can be followed.

Specify the type of, study. If the, study is exploratory in nature then even simple observation will suffice. In other studies the more systematic. Depending on the environment of study the observation could be unstructured or it could be structured.

Specify the contents of observation. The researcher should specify the variables of interest which, are to be observed along with other variables which influence the study, For each variable identified, its definition and the measurement terms to be used to record the results should be specified.

Observer training. An observer has to be trained to record and observe the right things. He should have the abipty to remember details, to objectively view the phenomena of interest and have high concentration. The more unstructured an observation, the greater the dependency on observer for securing the research results. Hence an observer s experience in such a situation becomes necessary.

Develop an observation form. The observation form is an observation plan which addresses the following: