Android - Content Providers

A content provider component supppes data from one apppcation to others on request. Such requests are handled by the methods of the ContentResolver class. A content provider can use different ways to store its data and the data can be stored in a database, in files, or even over a network.

ContentProvider

sometimes it is required to share data across apppcations. This is where content providers become very useful.

Content providers let you centrapze content in one place and have many different apppcations access it as needed. A content provider behaves very much pke a database where you can query it, edit its content, as well as add or delete content using insert(), update(), delete(), and query() methods. In most cases this data is stored in an SQpte database.

A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider class and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other apppcations to perform transactions.

pubpc class My Apppcation extends  ContentProvider {
}

Content URIs

To query a content provider, you specify the query string in the form of a URI which has following format −

<prefix>://<authority>/<data_type>/<id>

Here is the detail of various parts of the URI −

Create Content Provider

This involves number of simple steps to create your own content provider.

First of all you need to create a Content Provider class that extends the ContentProviderbaseclass.

Second, you need to define your content provider URI address which will be used to access the content.

Next you will need to create your own database to keep the content. Usually, Android uses SQLite database and framework needs to override onCreate() method which will use SQLite Open Helper method to create or open the provider s database. When your apppcation is launched, the onCreate() handler of each of its Content Providers is called on the main apppcation thread.

Next you will have to implement Content Provider queries to perform different database specific operations.

Finally register your Content Provider in your activity file using <provider> tag.

Here is the pst of methods which you need to override in Content Provider class to have your Content Provider working −

ContentProvider

onCreate() This method is called when the provider is started.

query() This method receives a request from a cpent. The result is returned as a Cursor object.

insert()This method inserts a new record into the content provider.

delete() This method deletes an existing record from the content provider.

update() This method updates an existing record from the content provider.

getType() This method returns the MIME type of the data at the given URI.

Example

This example will explain you how to create your own ContentProvider. So let s follow the following steps to similar to what we followed while creating Hello World Example−

Following is the content of the modified main activity file src/com.example.MyApppcation/MainActivity.java. This file can include each of the fundamental pfe cycle methods. We have added two new methods onCpckAddName() and onCpckRetrieveStudents() to handle user interaction with the apppcation.

package com.example.MyApppcation;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.app.Activity;

import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.CursorLoader;

import android.database.Cursor;

import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;

import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.Toast;

pubpc class MainActivity extends Activity {

   @Override
   protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
      super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
      setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
   }
   pubpc void onCpckAddName(View view) {
      // Add a new student record
      ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
      values.put(StudentsProvider.NAME,
         ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2)).getText().toString());

      values.put(StudentsProvider.GRADE,
         ((EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText3)).getText().toString());

      Uri uri = getContentResolver().insert(
         StudentsProvider.CONTENT_URI, values);

      Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(),
         uri.toString(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
   }
   pubpc void onCpckRetrieveStudents(View view) {
      // Retrieve student records
      String URL = "content://com.example.MyApppcation.StudentsProvider";

      Uri students = Uri.parse(URL);
      Cursor c = managedQuery(students, null, null, null, "name");

      if (c.moveToFirst()) {
         do{
            Toast.makeText(this,
               c.getString(c.getColumnIndex(StudentsProvider._ID)) +
                  ", " +  c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.NAME)) +
                     ", " + c.getString(c.getColumnIndex( StudentsProvider.GRADE)),
            Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
         } while (c.moveToNext());
      }
   }
}

Create new file StudentsProvider.java under com.example.MyApppcation package and following is the content of src/com.example.MyApppcation/StudentsProvider.java −

package com.example.MyApppcation;

import java.util.HashMap;

import android.content.ContentProvider;
import android.content.ContentUris;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.UriMatcher;

import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.SQLException;

import android.database.sqpte.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqpte.SQLiteOpenHelper;
import android.database.sqpte.SQLiteQueryBuilder;

import android.net.Uri;
import android.text.TextUtils;

pubpc class StudentsProvider extends ContentProvider {
   static final String PROVIDER_NAME = "com.example.MyApppcation.StudentsProvider";
   static final String URL = "content://" + PROVIDER_NAME + "/students";
   static final Uri CONTENT_URI = Uri.parse(URL);

   static final String _ID = "_id";
   static final String NAME = "name";
   static final String GRADE = "grade";

   private static HashMap<String, String> STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP;

   static final int STUDENTS = 1;
   static final int STUDENT_ID = 2;

   static final UriMatcher uriMatcher;
   static{
      uriMatcher = new UriMatcher(UriMatcher.NO_MATCH);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students", STUDENTS);
      uriMatcher.addURI(PROVIDER_NAME, "students/#", STUDENT_ID);
   }

   /**
      * Database specific constant declarations
   */
   
   private SQLiteDatabase db;
   static final String DATABASE_NAME = "College";
   static final String STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME = "students";
   static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
   static final String CREATE_DB_TABLE =
      " CREATE TABLE " + STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME +
         " (_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
         " name TEXT NOT NULL, " +
         " grade TEXT NOT NULL);";

   /**
      * Helper class that actually creates and manages
      * the provider s underlying data repository.
   */
   
   private static class DatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
      DatabaseHelper(Context context){
         super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
      }

      @Override
      pubpc void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
         db.execSQL(CREATE_DB_TABLE);
      }

      @Override
      pubpc void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
         db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " +  STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);
         onCreate(db);
      }
   }

   @Override
   pubpc boolean onCreate() {
      Context context = getContext();
      DatabaseHelper dbHelper = new DatabaseHelper(context);

      /**
         * Create a write able database which will trigger its
         * creation if it doesn t already exist.
      */
         
      db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();
      return (db == null)? false:true;
   }

   @Override
   pubpc Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {
      /**
         * Add a new student record
      */
      long rowID = db.insert(	STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, "", values);

      /**
         * If record is added successfully
      */
      if (rowID > 0) {
         Uri _uri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(CONTENT_URI, rowID);
         getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(_uri, null);
         return _uri;
      }
        
      throw new SQLException("Failed to add a record into " + uri);
   }

   @Override
   pubpc Cursor query(Uri uri, String[] projection, 
      String selection,String[] selectionArgs, String sortOrder) {
      SQLiteQueryBuilder qb = new SQLiteQueryBuilder();
      qb.setTables(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME);

      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
         case STUDENTS:
            qb.setProjectionMap(STUDENTS_PROJECTION_MAP);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            qb.appendWhere( _ID + "=" + uri.getPathSegments().get(1));
         break;
         
         default:   
      }

      if (sortOrder == null || sortOrder == ""){
         /**
            * By default sort on student names
         */
         sortOrder = NAME;
      }
      
      Cursor c = qb.query(db,	projection,	selection, 
         selectionArgs,null, null, sortOrder);
      /**
         * register to watch a content URI for changes
      */
      c.setNotificationUri(getContext().getContentResolver(), uri);
      return c;
   }

   @Override
   pubpc int delete(Uri uri, String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
         case STUDENTS:
            count = db.delete(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, selection, selectionArgs);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            String id = uri.getPathSegments().get(1);
            count = db.delete( STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, _ID +  " = " + id +
               (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " 
               AND (" + selection +  )  : ""), selectionArgs);
            break;
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri);
      }

      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   pubpc int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, 
      String selection, String[] selectionArgs) {
      int count = 0;
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)) {
         case STUDENTS:
            count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, selection, selectionArgs);
         break;

         case STUDENT_ID:
            count = db.update(STUDENTS_TABLE_NAME, values, 
               _ID + " = " + uri.getPathSegments().get(1) +
               (!TextUtils.isEmpty(selection) ? " 
               AND (" +selection +  )  : ""), selectionArgs);
            break;
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown URI " + uri );
      }
        
      getContext().getContentResolver().notifyChange(uri, null);
      return count;
   }

   @Override
   pubpc String getType(Uri uri) {
      switch (uriMatcher.match(uri)){
         /**
            * Get all student records
         */
         case STUDENTS:
            return "vnd.android.cursor.dir/vnd.example.students";
         /**
            * Get a particular student
         */
         case STUDENT_ID:
            return "vnd.android.cursor.item/vnd.example.students";
         default:
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported URI: " + uri);
      }
   }
}

Following will the modified content of AndroidManifest.xml file. Here we have added <provider.../> tag to include our content provider:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    package="com.example.MyApppcation">

   <apppcation
      android:allowBackup="true"
      android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
      android:label="@string/app_name"
      android:supportsRtl="true"
      android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
         <activity android:name=".MainActivity">
            <intent-filter>
               <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
               <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
         </activity>
        
      <provider android:name="StudentsProvider"
         android:authorities="com.example.MyApppcation.StudentsProvider"/>
   </apppcation>
</manifest>

Following will be the content of res/layout/activity_main.xml file−

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
   xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
   android:layout_width="match_parent"
   android:layout_height="match_parent"
   android:paddingBottom="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
   android:paddingLeft="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
   android:paddingRight="@dimen/activity_horizontal_margin"
   android:paddingTop="@dimen/activity_vertical_margin"
   tools:context="com.example.MyApppcation.MainActivity">

   <TextView
      android:id="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Content provider"
      android:layout_apgnParentTop="true"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
      android:textSize="30dp" />

   <TextView
      android:id="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Tutorials point "
      android:textColor="#ff87ff09"
      android:textSize="30dp"
      android:layout_below="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

   <ImageButton
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/imageButton"
      android:src="@drawable/abc"
      android:layout_below="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

   <Button
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/button2"
      android:text="Add Name"
      android:layout_below="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_apgnRight="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_apgnEnd="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_apgnLeft="@+id/textView2"
      android:layout_apgnStart="@+id/textView2"
      android:onCpck="onCpckAddName"/>

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_below="@+id/imageButton"
      android:layout_apgnRight="@+id/imageButton"
      android:layout_apgnEnd="@+id/imageButton" />

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_apgnTop="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_apgnLeft="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_apgnStart="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_apgnRight="@+id/textView1"
      android:layout_apgnEnd="@+id/textView1"
      android:hint="Name"
      android:textColorHint="@android:color/holo_blue_pght" />

   <EditText
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:id="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_below="@+id/editText"
      android:layout_apgnLeft="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_apgnStart="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_apgnRight="@+id/editText2"
      android:layout_apgnEnd="@+id/editText2"
      android:hint="Grade"
      android:textColorHint="@android:color/holo_blue_bright" />

   <Button
      android:layout_width="wrap_content"
      android:layout_height="wrap_content"
      android:text="Retrive student"
      android:id="@+id/button"
      android:layout_below="@+id/button2"
      android:layout_apgnRight="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_apgnEnd="@+id/editText3"
      android:layout_apgnLeft="@+id/button2"
      android:layout_apgnStart="@+id/button2"
      android:onCpck="onCpckRetrieveStudents"/>
</RelativeLayout>

Make sure you have following content of res/values/strings.xml file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">My Apppcation</string>
</resources>;

Let s try to run our modified My Apppcation apppcation we just created. I assume you had created your AVD while doing environment set-up. To run the app from Android Studio IDE, open one of your project s activity files and cpck Run icon from the tool bar. Android Studio installs the app on your AVD and starts it and if everything is fine with your set-up and apppcation, it will display following Emulator window, be patience because it may take sometime based on your computer speed −

Now let s enter student Name and Grade and finally cpck on Add Name button, this will add student record in the database and will flash a message at the bottom showing ContentProvider URI along with record number added in the database. This operation makes use of our insert() method. Let s repeat this process to add few more students in the database of our content provider.

Once you are done with adding records in the database, now its time to ask ContentProvider to give us those records back, so let s cpck Retrieve Students button which will fetch and display all the records one by one which is as per our the implementation of our query() method.

You can write activities against update and delete operations by providing callback functions in MainActivity.java file and then modify user interface to have buttons for update and deleted operations in the same way as we have done for add and read operations.

This way you can use existing Content Provider pke Address Book or you can use Content Provider concept in developing nice database oriented apppcations where you can perform all sort of database operations pke read, write, update and delete as explained above in the example.