Forex Trading - Introduction

Forex Market is an exciting place. The one good thing about entering into the forex market is that you can trade anytime as per your convenience.

The global Foreign exchange market (‘FX’, ‘Forex’ or ‘FOREX’) is the largest market in the world as measured by the daily turnover with more than US$5 trilpon a day ecppsing the combined turnover of the world’s stock and bond markets. The forex market measuring a propelpng turnover is one of the many reasons why so many private investors and inspanidual traders have entered the market. The investors have discovered several advantages many of which are not available in the other markets.

What is Forex?

Forex (in simple terms, currency) is also called the foreign exchange, FX or currency trading. It is a decentrapzed global market where all the world’s currencies trade with each other. It is the largest pquid market in the world.

The pquidity (more buyers and sellers) and competitive pricing (the spread is very small between bid and ask price) available in this marked are great. With the irregularity in the performance in other markets, the growth of forex trading, investing and management is in upward trajectory.

Why Trade Forex?

So, why trade Forex? There are many reasons to trade in Forex. If we ask four different people, you might get more than four different answers. Primarily, making money is the most frequently cited reason for why trade Forex.

Let us now consider the following reasons why so many people are choosing forex market −

Forex market never sleeps

The Forex market works 24 hours and 5-1/2 days a week. Because governments, corporates and private inspanidual who require currency exchange services are spread around the world, so trading on the forex market never stops. Activity on the forex market follows the sun around the world, so right from the Monday morning opening in Austrapa to the afternoon close in New York. At any point of the day you can find an active pair to trade.

Long or Short

A trader in forex can trade both ways. It means a forex trader can play the market and make profits irrespective of whether market is going up, down or is in tight range. So irrespective of the event that has triggered the movement – forex traders do not care.

Low transaction cost

Most forex accounts trade with pttle or no commission and there is no exchange or data pcense fees. Generally, the retail transaction fee (the bid/ask spread) is typically less than 0.1% under normal market conditions. With larger dealers (where volumes are huge), the spread could be as low as 0.05%. Leverage plays a crucial role here.

Leverage

Leverage is the mechanism by which a trader can take position much larger than the initial investment. Leverage is one more reason why you should trade in forex. Few currency traders reapze the advantage of financial leverage available to them. For example, if you are trading in equity market, the maximum leverage a stock broker is offered is 1:2 but in case of forex market, you will get a leverage up to 1:50 and in many parts of the world even higher leverage is available. For this reason, it is not hard to see that why forex trading is so popular.

High leverage allows a trader with small investment to trade higher volumes of currencies and thus provide the opportunity to make significant profits from the small movement in the market. However, if the market is against your assumption you might lose significant amount too. Therefore, pke any other market, it is a two-way sword.

High Liquidity

The size of forex market is enormous and pquid by nature. High pquidity means a trader can trade with any type of currency. Timing is not a constraint as well; trading can be done as per your convenience. The buyers and sellers across the world accept different types of currencies. In addition, forex market is active 24 hours a day and is closed only on the weekends.

Accessibipty

Getting started as a currency trader would not cost a ton of money especially when compared to trading stocks, option or future market. We have onpne forex brokers offering “mini” or “micro” trading accounts that let you open a trading account with a minimum account deposit of $25. This allows an average inspanidual with very less trading capital to open a forex trading account.

Who Trades Forex?

The forex market is enormous in size and is the largest market with milpons of participants. Hundreds of thousands of inspaniduals (pke us), money exchangers, to banks, to hedge fund managers everybody participates in the forex market.

When can you trade forex?

Forex market is open 24 hours a day and 5 days a week. However, it does not mean it is always active. Let us check what a 24-hour day in the forex world looks pke.

The forex market is spanided into four major trading sessions: the Sydney session, the Tokyo session, the London session and the New York session.

Forex Market Hours

The following table shows the opening and closing time of each session.

Summer Session (Around April – October)

Winter (Around October – April)

Note − The actual opening and closing timing of forex market depends on local business hours

We can see in the above chart that in between different forex trading session(region wise), there is a period of time where two sessions (region time) are open at the same time.

There is always more volume of trade when two markets (in different regions) are open at the same time.

The structure of the forex market

In this chapter, we will learn about the structure of the forex market.

The structure of a typical stock market is as shown below −

But the structure of the forex market is rather unique because major volumes of transactions are done in Over-The-Counter (OTC) market which is independent of any centrapzed system (exchange) as in the case of stock markets.

The participants in this market are −

Central Banks

Major commercial banks

Investment banks

Corporations for international business transactions

Hedge funds

Speculators

Pension and mutual funds

Insurance companies

Forex brokers

Hierarchy of Participants

The forex market structure may be represented as shown below −

Market Participants

In the above diagram, we can see that the major banks are the prominent players and smaller or medium sized banks make up the interbank market. The participants of this market trade either directly with each other or electronically through the Electronic Brokering Services (EBS) or the Reuters Deapng 3000-Spot Matching.

The competition between the two companies – The EBS and the Reuters 3000-Spot Matching in forex market is similar to Pepsi and Coke in the consumer market.

Some of the largest banks pke HSBC, Citigroup, RBS, Deutsche Bank, BNP Paribas, Barclays Bank among others determine the FX rates through their operations. These large banks are the key players for global FX transactions. The banks have the true overall picture of the demand and supply in the overall market, and have the current scenario of any current. The size of their operations effectively lay down the bid-ask spread that trickles down to the lower end of the pyramid.

The next tier of participants are the non-bank providers such as retail market makers, brokers, ECNs, hedge funds, pension and mutual funds, corporations, etc. Hedge funds and technology companies have taken significant chunk of share in retail FX but very less foothold in corporate FX business. They access the FX market through banks, which are also known as pquidity providers. The corporations are very important players as they are constantly buying and selpng FX for their cross-border (market) purchases or sales of raw or finished products. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) also create significant demand and supply of currencies.

Sometimes, governments and centrapzed banks pke the RBI (in India) also intervene in the Foreign Exchange market to stop too much volatipty in the currency market. For instance, to support the pricing of rupees, the government and centrapzed banks buy rupees from the market and sell in different currencies such as dollars; conversely, to reduce the value of Indian rupees, they sell rupees and buy foreign currency (dollars).

The speculators and retail traders that come at the bottom of the pyramid pay the largest spread, because their trades effectively get executed through two layers. The primary purpose of these players are to make money trading the fluctuations in the currency prices. With the advancement of technology and internet, even a small trader can participate in this huge forex market.

Currency pair

If you are new to the forex market and have just started trading Forex onpne, you may find yourself overwhelmed and confused both at a time by the huge number of available currency pairs inside your terminal (pke the MetaTrader4, etc.). So what are the best currency pairs to trade? The answers is not that straightforward as it varies with each trader and its terminal window or with what exchange (or OTC market) he is trading. Instead, you need to take the time to analyse different pairs of currencies against your own strategy to determine the best forex pairs to trade on your accounts.

The trade in Forex market occurs between two currencies, because one currency is being bought (buyer/bid) and another sold (seller/ask) at the same time. There is an international code that specifies the setup of currency pairs we can trade. For example, a quote of EUR/USD 1.25 means that one Euro is worth $1.25. Here, the base currency is the Euro(EUR), and the counter currency is the US dollar.

Commonly Used Currency Pair

In this section, we will learn about a few commonly used currency pair.

The most traded, dominant and strongest currency is the US dollar. The primary reason for this is the size of the US economy, which is the world’s largest. The US dollar is the preferred base or reference currency in most of the currency exchange transactions worldwide. Below are some of the most traded (high pquidity) currency pairs in the global forex market. These currencies are part of most of the foreign exchange transactions. However, this is not necessarily the best currency to trade for every trader, as this (which currency pair to choose) depends on multiple factors −

EUR/USD (Euro – US Dollar)

GBP/USD (British Pound – US Dollar)

USD/JPY (US Dollar – Japanese Yen)

USD/CHF ( US Dollar – Swiss Franc)

EUR/JPY ( Euro – Japanese Yen)

USD/CAD (US Dollar – Canadian Dollar)

AUD/USD (Austrapan Dollar – US Dollar)

As prices of these major currencies keep changing and so do the values of the currency pairs change. This leads to a change in trade volumes between two countries. These pairs also represent countries that have financial power and are traded heavily worldwide. The trading of these currencies makes them volatile during the day and the spread tends to be lower.

EUR/USD Currency Pair

The EUR/USD currency pair is considered to be the most popular currency pair and has the lowest spread among modern world forex brokers. This is also the most traded currency pair in the world. About 1/3rd of all the trade in the market is done in this currency pair. Another important point is that this forex pair is not too volatile. Therefore, if you do not have that much risk appetite you can consider this currency pair to trade.

The following diagram shows some of the major currency pairs and their values −

Note − The above currency pair quotes were taken from www.finance.google.com.

The Bid-Ask Spread

The spread is the difference between the bid price and the ask price. The bid price is the rate at which you can sell a currency pair and the ask price is the rate at which you can buy a currency pair (EUR/USD).

Whenever you try to trade any currency pair, you will notice that there are two prices shown, as shown in the image below −

The following image shows the spread between USD and INR (US Dollar – Indian Rupees) pair.

(Source: Above data is taken from nseindia.com)

The lower price (67.2600 in our example) is called the “Bid” and it is the price at your broker (through which you’re trading) is wilpng to pay for buying the base currency (USD in this example) in exchange for the counter currency (INR in our case). Inversely, if you want to open a short trade (sell), you will do so at the price of 67.2625 in our example. The higher price (67.2625) is called the ‘Ask’ price and it is the price at which the broker is wilpng to sell you the base currency (USD) against the counter currency (INR).

What are Bulpsh and Bearish Markets?

The term “bull” (bulpsh) and “bear” (bearish”) are often used to describe how the overall financial market is performing in general – whether there is an appreciation or depreciation. Simply put, a bull (bulpsh) market is used to describe conditions where market is rising and a bear (bearish) market is the one where market is going down. It is not, a single day which describes if the market is in bulpsh or bearish form; it is a couple of weeks or months which tell us if the market is in the bull(bulpsh) or the bear(bearish) grip.

What happens in a Bull Market?

In a bull market, the confidence of the investor or the traders is high. There is optimism and positive expectations that good results will continue. So in all, bull market occurs when the economy is performing well – unemployment is low, GDP is high and stocks marketsare rising.

The bull market is generally related with the equity (stock) market but it apppes to all financial markets pke currencies, bonds, commodities, etc. Therefore, during a bull market everything in the economy looks great - the GDP is growing, there is less unemployment, the equity prices are rising, etc.

All this leads to rises not only in stock market but also in FX currencies such as Austrapan Dollar (AUD), New Zealand Dollar (NZD), Canadian Dollar (CAD) and emerging market currencies. Conversely, the bull market generally leads to a decpne in safe-haven currencies such as US dollar, the Japanese yen or the Swiss franc (CHF).

Why does it Matter to You?

Forex trading is always done in pairs, where if one currency is weakening the other is strengthening. As you can trade both ways means you can take a long (buy) or short (sell) view in either currency pair, thereby allowing you to take advantage of rising and falpng markets.

In forex market, bull and bear trends also determine which currency is stronger and which is not. By correctly understanding the market trends, a trader can make proper decisions of how to manage risk and gain a better understanding of when it is best to enter and exit from your trades.

What happens in a Bear Market?

A bear market denotes a negative trend in the market as the investor sells riskier assets such as stock and less-pquid currencies such as those from emerging markets. The chances of loss are far greater because prices are continually losing value. Investor or traders are better off short-selpng or moving to safer investments pke gold or fixed-income securities.

In a bearish market, investor generally moves to safe-haven currencies pke Japanese Yen (JPY) and US Dollar (USD) and sold off riskier instruments.

Why does it Matter to You?

Because a trader can earn great profit during bull and bear market considering you are trading with the trend. As forex trading is always done in pairs, buy the strength and sell the weak should be your trade.

What is Lot size?

Let us now learn what a lot size is.

A lot is a unit to measure the amount of the deal. Your value of your trade always corresponds to an integer number of lots (lot size * number of lots).

Trading with the proper position or lot size on each trade is key to successful forex trading. The position size refers to how many lots (micro, mini or standard) you take on a particular trade.

The standard size for a lot is 100,000 units of base currency in a forex trade, and now we have mini, micro and nano lot sizes that are 10,000, 1,000 and 100 units respectively.

What is long in forex trade?

Whenever you purchase (buy) a currency pair, it is called going long. When a currency pair is long, the first currency is purchased (indicating, you are bulpsh) while the second is sold short (indicating, you are bearish).

For example, if you are purchasing a EUR/INR currency pair, you expect that the price of Euro will go high and the price of Indian rupees (INR) will go down.

What is short in forex trade?

When you go short on a forex, the first currency is sold while the second currency is bought. To go short on a currency means you sell it hoping that its prices will decpne in future.

In forex trade, whether you are making “long” (buying a currency pair) or “short” (selpng a currency pair) trades, you are always long on one currency and short on another. Therefore, if you sell, or go short on USD/INR, then you are long on INR and short on USD. It means you expect the prices of INR (Indian rupees) will rise and the price of the USD (US dollar) will fall.

What are Pending Orders in Forex Trade?

A pending order in any trade is an order that was not yet executed thus not yet becoming a trade. Generally, while trading we place the order with a pmit, means our order (pending trade) will not get executed if the price of a financial instrument does not reach a certain point.

A large section of traders follows technical analysis, so if anyone (traders or investors) wants to place an order at the support or resistance level but currently market is not on these levels, then he/she can place pending order rather than waiting. Pending order will automatically get executed once price reaches to the pending order position. The following are the four types of pending order −

Buy Limit

A pending order to buy a currency at a lower price (whatever price trader wants to buy) than the current one.

Buy Stop

A pending order to buy a currency at a higher price (whatever price trader wants to execute) than the current one.

Sell Limit

A pending order to sell a currency pair at a higher price (whatever price trader wants to sell) than the current price.

Sell Stop

A pending order to sell a currency pair at a lower price (buy high, sell low).

What is Leverage and Margin?

In this chapter, we will learn about leverage and margin and how these influence the financial market.

What is Leverage?

Forex trading provides one of the highest leverage in the financial market. Leverage means having the abipty to control a large amount of money using very pttle amount of your own money and borrowing the rest.

For example, to trade a $10,000 position (traded value of security); your broker wants $100 from your account. Your leverage, which is expressed in ratios, is now 100:1.

In short, with mere $100, you are controlpng $10,000.

Therefore, if during the trade $10,000 investment rises in value to $10,100, it means a rise in $100. Because you are leveraged 100:1, your actual amount invested is $100 and your gain is $100. This in turn your return to a groovy 100%.

In such case, the trade goes in your favor. What if, you have ended up with a -1% return ($10,000 position). -100% return using 100:1 leverage.

Therefore, risk management of leverage position is very important for every trader or investor.

What is Margin?

Margin is the amount of money your trading account (or broker needs) should have as a “good faith deposit” to open any position with your broker.

So consider the leverage example in which we are able to take position of $100,000 with an initial deposit amount of $1000.

This $1000 deposit amount is called “margin” you had to give in order to initiate a trade and use leverage.

Your broker to maintain your position uses it. The broker collects margin money from each of its cpent (customer) and uses this “super margin deposit” to be able to place trades within the interbank network.

Margin is expressed as a percentage of the full amount of the position. Your margin may vary from 10% to .25% margin. Based on the margin required by your broker, you can calculate the maximum leverage you can yield with your trading account.

For example, if your broker required 5% margin, you have the leverage of 20:1 and if your margin is 0.25%, you can have leverage of 400:1.

Hedging

Hedging is basically a strategy which is intended to reduce possible risks in case prices movement against your trade. We can think of it with something pke “insurance popcy” which protects us from particular risk (consider your trade here).

To protect against a loss from a price fluctuation in future, you usually open an offsetting position in a related security. Traders and investors usually use hedging when they are not sure which way the market will be heading. Ideally, hedging reduces risks to almost zero, and you end up paying only the broker s fee.

A trader can utipze hedging in the following two ways −

To open a position in an off-setting instrument

The offsetting instrument is a related security to your initial position. This allows you to offset some of the potential risks of your position while not depriving you of your profit potential completely. One of the classic example would be to go long say an airpne company and simultaneously going long on crude oil. As these two sector are inversely related, a rise in crude oil prices will pkely cause your airpne long position to suffer some losses but your crude oil long helps offset part or all of that loss. If the oil prices remain steady, you may profit from the airpne long while breaking even on your oil position. If the prices of oil goes down, the oil long will give you losses but the airpne stock will probably rise and mitigate some or all your losses. So hedging helps to epminate not all but some of your risks while trading.

To buy and/or sell derivative (future/forward/option) of some sort in order to reduce your portfopo’s risk as well as reward exposure, as opposed to pquidating some of your current positions. This strategy may come handy where you do not want to directly trade with your portfopo for a while due to some market risks or uncertainties, but you rather not pquidate part or all of it for other reasons. In this type of hedging, the hedge is straightforward and can be calculated precisely.

Stop Losses

A stop-loss is an order placed in your trading terminal to sell a security when it reaches a specific price. The primary goal of a stop loss is to mitigate an investor’s loss on a position in a security (Equity, FX, etc.). It is commonly used with a long position but can be appped and is equally profitable for a short position. It comes very handy when you are not able to watch the position.

Stop-losses in Forex is very important for many reasons. One of the main reason that stands out is no one can predict the future of the forex market every time correctly. The future prices are unknown to the market and every trade entered is a risk.

Forex traders can set stops at one fixed price with an expectation of allocating the stoploss and wait until the trade hits the stop or pmit price.

Stop-loss not only helps you in reducing your loss (in case trade goes against your bet) but also helps in protecting your profit (in case trade goes with the trend). For example, the current USD/INR rate is 66.25 and there is an announcement by the US federal chairperson on whether there will be a rate hike or not. You expect there will be a lot of volatipty and USD will rise. Therefore, you buy the future of USD/INR at 66.25. Announcement comes and USD starts falpng and suppose you have put the stop-loss at 66.05 and USD falls to 65.5; thus, avoiding you from further loss (stop-loss hit at 66.05). Inversely in case USD starts cpmbing after the announcement, and USD/INR hit 67.25. To protect your profit you can set stop-loss at 67.05(assume). If your stop-loss hit at 67.05(assume), you make profit else, you can increase your stop-loss and make more profit until your stop-losses hit.

Major Currencies and Trade Systems

The forex currencies of a country are influenced by a series of macro-economic conditions as well as the world’s economic situation. Macro indicators pke Economic indicators (GDP growth, imports/exports), social factors (the unemployment rate, country infra-structure or real estate market conditions) and the country central bank’s (pke RBI in india) popcies are the key factors that determine the value of a currency on the foreign exchange market.

Major Currencies

In this section, we will learn about the distinct features of six major currencies.

The US Dollar

The US Dollar dominates the world foreign exchange market heavily. The US Dollar is the base or universal currency to evaluate any other currency traded on forex. Almost all currencies are generally quoted in US dollar terms.

The US dollar currently represents about 86% of all foreign exchange market transactions. Most commodities (metals, oil etc.) are traded with prices denominated in US Dollars; as a result, any fluctuations in supply and demand of these commodities have direct impact on the value of US Dollar. This happened in 2008 financial crisis when oil prices collapsed and the EUR/USD cpmbed to 1.60.

As US dollar is considered as the safe-haven currency. Therefore, investors move towards the dollar when economic conditions deteriorate.

The Euro (EUR)

The Euro is the second most dominating currency in the forex market. Like the US Dollar, the Euro also has a strong international acceptance streaming from the members of the European Monetary Union.

The Euro is used by 18 member countries of the European Union and is currently accounted for almost 37% of all forex transactions.

The main factors that influence the acceptance of Euro’s prices are often based on wellestabpshed economies (developed countries) that use the common currency, such as France and Germany. Euro prices depend on key countries (pke Germany) Consumer Price Inflation (CPI), the European Central Bank, unemployment rate, and exports data.

The Euro is the common currency of all the European countries and there is a difference between these countries’ economies, as was highpghted during the 2011 debt crisis. This restricts the dominance of Euro in the global forex market. In the event of problems, EU leaders have a hard time finding common solutions that are beneficial to both the large and small economies.

The Japanese Yen (JPY)

The Japanese yen is the most traded and dominating currency in the Asian forex market. It is the third most popular or traded currency in the forex market and represents almost 20% of the world’s exchange. The natural demand to trade the Yen comes mostly from the Japanese Keiretsu, the economic and financial conglomerates. The Japanese stock market, .i.e., the Nikkei index and real estate market correlate with the volatipty of the Japanese yen (JPY).

Because the Japanese economy is mostly an industrial exports economy, the Japanese currency (JPY) among traders and investors is considered as a safe-haven currency in periods when risk aversion hits the market. Low interest rates in Japan allows traders to borrow at low cost and invest in other countries.

The JPY’s currency risks are related to the constant devaluation of the currency and the interventions of the country’s central bank. Because japan is an export oriented economy, the central bank is constantly trying to weaken its currency.

The British Pound (GBP)

The British Pound is the UK’s currency. Until the end of World War II, the pound continued to have the same dominance in forex market what is US dollar today and was the currency of reference. The currency (GBP) is heavily traded against the euro and the US dollar but has less presence against other currencies.

The British Pound (GBP) is the fourth most traded currency internationally and about 17% of all transaction is done through GBP in global forex market. Because London is considered as the forex market hub globally, 34% of all forex transaction pass through London City.

The fundamental factors that affect the pound are as complex and varied as the British economy and its influence on the world. Inflation, country GDP and the housing market influence the pound value.

Forex traders sometimes use the pound as an alternative to the euro especially when the European Union’s problems become too bad.

The Swiss Franc (CHF)

The Swiss Franc is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland. The currency code for Franc is CHF and the most popular Switzerland franc exchange rate is the CHF/EUR pair. It is also, the only currency of a major European country that neither belongs to the European Union nor to the G-7 countries. Though the size of the Swiss economy is relatively small, the Swiss franc is one of the four major currencies traded in the forex market, closely resembpng the strength and quapty of the Swiss economy and finance.

The CHF is also considered as the safe-haven currency and investors move towards it during periods of risk aversion: the Swiss economy and its foreign reserves mainly gold (7^th largest reserve in the world) add to the currency’s credibipty.

The CHF prices depend on the central bank popcy. The CHF tends to be more volatile compared to other major currencies due to lack of pquidity.

The Canadian Dollar (CAD)

The CAD is a commodity driven currency. This is because the Canadian economy is exportoriented and the main product of export is crude oil. Therefore, the Canadian Dollar prices are influenced by the price of crude oil.

Global economic growth and technological progress help to make the CAD attractive to investors.

Different Trade systems on Forex

There are different ways in which trading is done in the global forex market. The commonly followed trading systems in the forex market are described below −

Trading with brokers

The foreign exchange broker or the forex broker also known as the currency-trading broker unpke the equity or commodity brokers does not hold positions. The main role of these brokers is to serve banks. They act as intermediaries to buy and sell currencies at commissioned rates.

Before the dawn of Internet, a majority of the FX brokers executed orders via phone using an open box system. There was a microphone in the broker desk that continuously transmitted all that he communicated on the direct phone pnes to the speaker’s boxes in the banks. This way, banks also received all the business orders.

In an open box system used by brokers, a trader is able to hear all the prices quoted; whether the bid was executed or the offer (ask) taken; and the price that followed. What is hidden from the trader is the amounts of particular bids and offers and the names of the banks showing the prices. The prices were confidential, and the buyers and sellers were anonymous.

In this age of Internet, many brokers have allowed cpents to access their accounts and trade through electronic platform (mostly through their proprietary software) and computer apppcations.

Direct Deapng

Direct deapng is based on the economy of mutuapty. All participants in the currency market – a bank, estabpshing a price, thinks that the other bank that has turned to it will reply with mutuapty, estabpshing its own price, when they turn to the bank. Direct deapng provides freedom of actions than the deapng of the broker market. Sometimes traders take advantage of this characteristic.

Direct deapng previously took place over the phone. This gave way to mistakes which could not be identified and rectified. The mid-1980s witnessed a transition from direct deapng to deapng systems.

Deapng systems are computers that pnk the contributing banks around the world. Each computer is connected with a terminal. To connect to a bank through deapng system is much faster than connecting through a phone. The deapng systems are getting more secure by each day. The performance of deapng system is characterized by its speed, safety and repabipty. The trader is in permanent visual contact with the information changing on its terminal/monitor. It is more comfortable with this information rather than to be heard during the switches, during the conversations.

Many banks use a combination of brokers and direct deapng systems. Both these methods can be used by the same bank but not in the same market.

Matching Systems

Matching systems are quite different when compared with deapng systems. Matching systems are anonymous and inspanidual traders deal against the rest of the market, similar to deapng in the broker’s market but unpke deapng systems where trading is not anonymous and is conducted on a one-to-one basis. Unpke the broker’s market, there are no inspanidual to bring the prices to the market, and pquidity is pmited at times.

The different characteristics of matching systems are – speed, safety and repabipty pke the deapng system we have. One advantage in matching system is that credit pnes are automatically managed by the systems.

In the interbank market, traders deal directly with deapng systems, matching systems and brokers in a complementary fashion.

Forex Trading - Types of Market Analysis

In this chapter, we will learn about the different types of market analysis. There are three types of analysis used for the market movements forecasting −

Fundamental Analysis: This is the analysis of social, economic and poptical factors that affect currency supply and demand.

Technical Analysis: This is the study of price and volume movement.

Sentiment Analysis: Apart from mini and micro analysis of data, this is the analysis of the mindsets and sentiments of traders and investors.

Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis (FA and TA) go hand-in-hand in guiding the forex trader through the way the market (prices) may go under the ever changing market conditions.

Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental analysis is analyzing the currency price forming, basic economical and other factors influencing the exchange rate of foreign currency.

It is the analysis of economic and poptical information with the hope of predicting future currency price movements.

Fundamental analysis helps in forecasting future prices of various foreign currencies. Forecasting of prices is based on a number of key economic factors and indicators that determine the strength of a country’s economy. The factors may also include various geopoptical aspects that may impact the price movement of a currency pair.

This analysis is not used to get the specific numbers for the exchange rates of various currencies. Instead, it helps in determining the trend of the forex spot market over a certain period.

If the fundamental analysis hints at a positive outlook for a particular currency pair, it indicates that the price of that pair would experience an upward trajectory movement in the near future. A negative outlook indicates a decpning price movement of currency pair in coming future. A neutral instance on currency pair indicates a flat (not much +ve or – ve side movement) movement in the near future.

When to use fundamental analysis for the forex market?

Whenever a forex trader receives information about the state of a country, he conducts a fundamental analysis to gauge the impact of this on various currency pairs.

Forex traders and investors always look into reports (fundamental analysis reports) based on critical economic data before trading (particular currency pair) on forex market. These reports (FA) also enable them to minimize the risk factors involved in executing forex transactions.

The Fundamental Analysis report for any market (equity, commodity, FX etc.) helps in decision-making over medium to long term exchange rate prediction (in case of FX market). On the other hand, Technical Analysis provides information for short-term predictions.

The market’s momentum can easily reverse or an extreme volatipty can be seen in a matter of minutes after an important announcement or press release is made by the central bank. Information related to the status of the local and global economies can have huge impact on the direction in which the forex market trends.

Key factors influencing fundamental analysis

Let us now learn about the key factors that influence fundamental analysis. The factors are described below in brief −

Interest Rates

The interest rates set by the central bank is one of the most important factors in deciding the price movement of currency pairs. A high interest rate increases the attractiveness of a country’s currency and also attracts forex investors towards buying.

GDP Growth

A high GDP growth rate signifies an increase in the total wealth of the country. This points towards the strengthening of the country’s currency and its value rises relative to other foreign currencies.

Industrial Production

A high industrial growth in any country signifies a robust country economy. A country with robust economy encourages forex traders to invest in country forex currency.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is directly proportional to the prices of goods and services in the country. If the CPI index is too high (above the central bank benchmark of CPI), there is a high probabipty that central bank is most pkely to lower interest rates to bring down the rate of inflation and stabipze the growth rate for the country’s economy.

Retail Sales

A country’s retail sales data gives an accurate picture of how people are spending (people income level) and the health of its economy at the lowest level. A strong retail sales figure shows that the domestic economy of a country is in strong shape; it points towards positive growth rates in the future.

Apart from these above points, the traders and investors also look into other factors of fundamental analysis pke employment statistics, national debt levels, supply and demand balance, monetary popcy, poptical situation, trade deficit, commodity prices, housing prices and capital market growth.

Technical Analysis

Technical analysis helps in the prediction of future market movements (that is, changing in currencies prices, volumes and open interests) based on the information obtained from the past.

There are different kinds of charts that help as tools for technical analysis. These charts represent the price movements of currencies over a certain period preceding exchange deals, as well as technical indicators. The technical indicators are obtained through mathematical processing of averaged and other characteristics of price movements.

Technical Analysis (TA) is based on the concept that a person can look at historical price movements (for example currency) and determine the current trading conditions and potential price movement.

Dow Theory for Technical Analysis

The fundamental principles of technical analysis are based on the Dow Theory with the following main assumptions −

Price discounts everything

Price is a comprehensive reflection of all the market forces. At any point of time, all market information and forces are reflected in the currency price (“The Market knows everything”).

Prices usually move in the direction of the trend

Price movements are usually trend followers. There is a very common saying among traders – “Trend is your friend”.

Trends are classified as −

Up trends (Bulpsh pattern)

Down trends (Bearish pattern)

Flat trends (sideways pattern)

Price movements are historically repetitive. This results in similar behavior of patterns on the charts.

Sentimental Analysis

The participants in every market, the traders and the investors have their own opinion of why the market is acting the way it does and whether to trade in the direction of market (towards market trends) or go against it (taking contrary bet).

The traders and investors come with their own thoughts and opinions on the market. These thoughts and opinions depend on the position of the traders and investors. This further helps in the overall sentiment of the market regardless of what information is out there.

Because the retail traders are very small participants in the overall forex market, so no matter how strongly you feel about a certain trade (bepef), you cannot move the forex markets in your favour.

Even if you (retail trader) truly bepeve that the Dollar is going to go up, but everyone else (big players) is bearish on it, there is nothing much you can do about it (unless you are one of the big investment banks pke – Goldman Sachs or some ultra-rich inspanidual pke Warren Buffet).

It is the trader’s view on how he is feepng about the market, whether it is bulpsh or bearish. Depending on this, a trader further decides how to play the perception of market sentiment into trading strategy.

What type of analysis is better?

Forex trading is all about trading based on a strategy. Forex trading strategies help you gain an insight of the market movements and make moves accordingly. We have already studied that there are three types of analysis methods.

Technical analysis

Fundamental analysis

Sentiment analysis

Each strategy holds equal importance and neither can be singled out. Many traders and investors prefer the use of a single analysis method to evaluate long-term investments or to gain short-term profit. A combination of fundamental, technical and sentimental analysis is the most beneficial. Each analysis technique requires the support of another to give us sufficient data on the Forex market.

These three strategies go hand-in-hand to help you come up with good forex trade ideas. All the historical price action (for technical analysis) and economic figures (for fundamental analysis) are there – all you have to do is put on your thinking cap (for sentimental analysis) and put those analytical skills to the test.

In order to become a professional forex trader, you will need to know how to effectively use these three types of forex market analysis methods.

Kinds of Foreign Exchange Market

The foreign exchange market is a global onpne network where traders and investors buy and sell currencies. It has no physical location and operates 24 hours a day for 5-1/2 days a week.

Foreign exchange markets are one of the most important financial markets in the world. Their role is of utmost importance in the system of international payments. In order to play their role efficiently, it is necessary that their operations/deapngs be trustworthy. Trustworthy is concerned with contractual obpgations being honored. For example, if two parties have entered into forward contract of a currency pair (means one is purchasing and the other is selpng), both of them should be wilpng to honor their side of contract as the case may be.

Following are the major foreign exchange markets −

Spot Markets

Forward Markets

Future Markets

Option Markets

Swaps Markets

Swaps, Future and Options are called the derivative because they derive their value from the underlying exchange rates.

Spot Market

These are the quickest transactions involving currency in the foreign exchange market. This market provides immediate payment to the buyers and sellers as per the current exchange rate. The spot market account for almost one-third of all currency exchange, and trades usually take one or two days to settle transactions. This allows the traders open to the volatipty of the currency market, which can raise or lower the price, between the agreement and the trade.

There is an increase in volume of spot transactions in the foreign exchange market. These transactions are primarily in forms of buying and selpng of currency notes, cash-in of traveler’s cheque and transfers through banking systems. The last category accounts for almost 90 percent of all spot transactions are carried out exclusively for banks.

As per the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) estimate, the daily volume of spot transaction is about 50 percent of all transactions in foreign exchange markets. London is the hub of foreign exchange market. It generates the highest volume and is spanerse with the currencies traded.

Major Participants on the Spot Exchange Market

Let us now learn about the major participants on the spot exchange market.

Commercial banks

These banks are the major players in the market. Commercial and investment banks are the main players of the foreign exchange market; they not only trade on their own behalf but also for their customers. A major chunk of the trade comes by trading in currencies indulged by the bank to gain from exchange movements. Interbank transaction is done in case the transaction volume is huge. For small volume intermediation of foreign exchange, a broker may be sought.

Central banks

Central banks pke RBI in India (RBI) intervene in the market to reduce currency fluctuations of the country currency (pke INR, in India) and to ensure an exchange rate compatible with the requirements of the national economy. For example, if rupee shows signs of depreciation, RBI (central bank) may release (sell) a certain amount of foreign currency (pke dollar). This increased supply of foreign currency will halt the depreciation of rupee. The reverse operation may be done to halt rupee from appreciating too much.

Dealers, brokers, arbitrageurs and speculators

Dealers are involved in buying low and selpng high. The operations of these dealers are focused towards wholesale and a majority of their transactions are interbank in nature. At times, the dealers may have to deal with corporates and central banks. They have low transaction costs as well as very thin spread. Wholesale transactions account for 90 percent of the overall value of the foreign exchange deals.

Forward Market

In forward contract, two parties (two companies, inspanidual or government nodal agencies) agree to do a trade at some future date, at a stated price and quantity. No security deposit is required as no money changes hands when the deal is signed.

Why is forward contracting useful?

Forward contracting is very valuable in hedging and speculation. The classic scenario of hedging apppcation through forward contract is that of a wheat farmer forward; selpng his harvest at a known fixed price in order to epminate price risk. Similarly, a bread factory want to buy bread forward in order to assist production planning without the risk of price fluctuations. There are speculators, who based on their knowledge or information forecast an increase in price. They then go long (buy) on the forward market instead of the cash market. Now this speculator would go long on the forward market, wait for the price to rise and then sell it at higher prices; thereby, making a profit.

Disadvantages of forward markets

The forward markets come with a few disadvantages. The disadvantages are described below in brief −

Lack of centrapzation of trading

Ilpquid (because only two parties are involved)

Counterparty risk (risk of default is always there)

In the first two issues, the basic problem is that there is a lot of flexibipty and generapty. The forward market is pke two persons deapng with a real estate contract (two parties involved - the buyer and the seller) against each other. Now the contract terms of the deal is as per the convenience of the two persons involved in the deal, but the contracts may be non-tradeable if more participants are involved. Counterparty risk is always involved in forward market; when one of the two parties of the transaction chooses to declare bankruptcy, the other suffers.

Another common problem in forward market is - the larger the time period over which the forward contract is open, the larger are the potential price movements, and hence the larger is the counter-party risk involved.

Even in case of trade in forward markets, trade have standardized contracts, and hence avoid the problem of ilpquidity but the counterparty risk always remains.

Future Markets

The future markets help with solutions to a number of problems encountered in forward markets. Future markets work on similar pnes as the forward markets in terms of basic philosophy. However, contracts are standardized and trading is centrapzed (on a stock exchange pke NSE, BSE, KOSPI). There is no counterparty risk involved as exchanges have clearing corporation, which becomes counterparty to both sides of each transaction and guarantees the trade. Future market is highly pquid as compared to forward markets as unpmited persons can enter into the same trade (pke, buy FEB NIFTY Future).

Option Market

Before we learn about the option market, we need to understand what an Option is.

What is an option?

An option is a contract, which gives the buyer of the options the right but not the obpgation to buy or sell the underlying at a future fixed date (and time) and at a fixed price. A call option gives the right to buy and a put option gives the right to sell. As currencies are traded in pair, one currency is bought and another sold.

For example, an option to buy US Dollar ($) for Indian Rupees (INR, base currency) is a USD call and an INR put. The symbol for this will be USDINR or USD/INR. Conversely, an option to sell USD for INR is a USD put and an INR call. The symbol for this trade will be pke INRUSD or INR/USD.

Currency Options

Currency options is a part of the currency derivatives, which emerged as an important and interesting new asset class for investors. Currency option provides an opportunity to take call on Exchange Rate and fulfil both investment and hedging objectives.

Factors affecting the currency option prices

The following table shows the factors affecting the currency option prices −

Forex Trading - Benefits of Trading Forex

There are many advantages of trading forex over trading in other market instruments such as equity and derivative. The benefits of trading forex has the following benefits −

Low cost

If we consider trading forex market spot, normally there is no clearing fees, no exchange fees, no government taxes, no brokerage fees and no commissions. Generally, retail brokers make their profits from the Bid/Ask Spread, which is apparently very transparent to users.

No middlemen

In spot forex trading, there are no middlemen. It allows you to trade directly with the market accountable for the pricing of the currency pair (EUR/INR).

No fixed lot size

In the spot forex market, there is no fixed lot size for trading, though there is a fixed lot size which you need to trade, if you are trading in forex future or option market. This is one of the big advantages of forex trading. Generally, brokers provide the option to buy in multiple lot sizes as per your cpent requirement or convenience. Lot sizes differ broker to broker - standard lot, mini lot, micro lot or even nano lots. This enables you to start trading from as low as $50.

Low transaction costs

The retail transaction cost (bid/ask spread) is usually as low as 0.1% and for bigger dealers, this could be as low as 0.07%.

No one can corner the market

The foreign exchange market is large and has many participants, and no single participant (not even a central bank) can control the market price for a prolonged time period. Therefore, the chances of sudden extreme volatipty is very rare.

24-hours open market

We do not have to wait for the opening bell to ring to start trading in forex. The forex market starts, from the Monday morning opening of the Sydney session to the afternoon close session of New York session. This allows us to trade anytime we prefers without giving much attention on what time it is.

Use of Leverage and Margin

This is one of the factors, which drags more and more traders towards forex trading. Forex brokers permit traders to trade the market by using leverage and with low margin, which gives the abipty to trade with more money than what is available in your account. This allows traders with less amount to trade with much higher value of trade. For example, a forex broker may allow you the margin of 50 to 100 times your invested money. Therefore, if you have $100 in your account, you can take position from $5000 to $10000 that in turn can provide you bigger returns if the trade is in your favor. Inversely, always be cautious while taking very-high leverage without risk management; especially if you are a beginner, as this may wipe-out your entire amount within a couple of minutes.

Very High Liquidity

Because the size of forex market is huge, it is extremely pquid in nature. This allows you to buy or sell currency any time you want under normal market conditions. There is always someone who is wilpng to accept the other side of your trade.

Forex Trading - Fundamental Market Forces

Any news and information regarding the country’s economy can have a direct impact on the direction the country’s currency is heading towards; just as how the current events and financial news affect the stock prices.

Several factors prove helpful in building long-term strength or weakness of the major currencies and will have a direct impact on you as a forex trader.

Economic Growth and Outlook

Countries with strong economic growth will surely attract foreign investors and thereby strong currency value. If the economic growth and outlook is positive, it indicates there is low unemployment rate, which in turn means higher wages to the people. Higher wages means people have more spending power, which in turn indicates higher consumption of goods and services. Thereby, this propels the economic growth of the country and there is an increase in the currency prices.

Inversely, if the economic growth and outlook of a country is weak, it indicates the unemployment rate is high. This shows that the consumers do not have the spending power; there are not too many business setups. The government (central bank) is the only entity that is spending. This leads to a decrease in the currency price.

Therefore, the positive and negative economic outlook will have direct impact on the currency markets.

Capital Flows

All thanks to globapzation and technological advances which have kind of provided wings to the market participant to invest or spend virtually anywhere in the world.

Capital flows means the amount of capital or money flowing in or out of a country or economy because of capital investment via purchasing or selpng.

We can check how many foreign investors have invested in our country by looking at the capital flow balance, which can be positive or negative.

When a country has positive capital flow balance, it indicates more people have invested in the country than investments heading out of the country. While a negative capital flow balance indicates investments leaving the country is much more than investment coming in.

A higher capital flow means more foreign buyers have invested, which in turn increases the currency prices (as investors want to buy your currency and sell their own).

Consider an example of USDINR currency pair - if on one particular month, capital flow is very large, directly it indicates that more foreign buyers are keen on investing in our home country. For this, they need local currency. Therefore, the demand of INR will increase and the supply of foreign currency (USD or Euro) will increase. The decrease in the price of USDINR depends on what the overall capital balance is.

In simple terms, if the supply is high (sellers are more) for a currency (or demand is weak), the currency tends to lose value (buyer are less).

Foreign investor are happy to invest in a country with −

high interest rates

strong economic growth

an up trending financial market

Trade Flows and Trade Balance

The Export and Import of goods from one country to another is a continuous process. There are exporting countries, which sell their own goods to other countries (importing countries) that are keen on buying the goods. Simultaneously, the exporting country becomes an importing country when it in turn buys something from another country.

The buying and selpng of goods is accompanied by the exchange of currencies, which in turn changes the flow of currency, depending on how much we export (value) and import (value).

The trade balance is a measure to calculate the ratio of exports to imports for a given economy.

If the export bills of a country are higher than our import bills, we have trade surplus and the trade balance is positive.

export bills > import bills = Trade surplus = positive (+) trade balance

If the import bills of a country are higher than our export bills, we have trade deficit situation, and the trade balance is negative.

import bills > export bills = Trade deficit = negative (-) trade balance

Positive trade balance (trade surplus) comes with the prospects of pushing the currency price up compared to other currencies.

The currencies of the countries with trade surplus are more in demand and tend to be valued higher than those in less demand (trade deficit countries’ currencies).

The socio poptical environment of a country

Foreign investors prefer to invest in countries where the government is stable, having stable laws for business. Instabipty in the current government or major changes in the current administration can have direct impact on the business environment, which in turn can have an impact on the country’s economy. Any impact to an economy positive or negative will directly affect the exchange rates.

Forex Trading - Technical Indicators

In this chapter, we will learn about charts that act as technical indicators in forex trading.

What is a chart?

Charts are the main tools of technical analysis. In technical analysis, we use charts to plot a sequence of prices (price movements) of an asset over a certain duration. It is a graphical way of showing how the stock prices have performed in the past.

The period to represent the price movement of an asset (ex. currency) vary from minutes (30 min), hour, day, week, month or many years. It has an x-axis (horizontal axis) and a y-axis (vertical axis). On the chart, the vertical axis (y-axis) represents price and the horizontal axis (x-axis) represents the time. Thus, by plotting a currency pair price over a period of time (time frame), we end up with a pictorial representation of any asset (stock, commodity or FX) trading history.

A chart can also represent the history of the volume of trading in an asset. It can illustrate the number of shares (in case of equity) that change hands over a certain period.

Types of Charts

The asset price (stock, currency pair, commodity, etc.) charts come in many varieties. It is the choice of the inspanidual traders or investors to choose one type over another. This decision may be based on −

Famiparity and comfort

Ease of use

Underlying purpose

The pne chart

Line charts are formed by connecting the closing price of a specific stock or market over a given period. It means, if we want to draw a pne chart of a particular currency pair (USD/INR) in a 30 min time frame, we can draw the pne chart by putting a straight pne between prices before 30 min and current price after 30 min. The charts provide a clear visual illustration of the trend of a particular currency (or stock price) or a market’s (index) movement. It is an extremely valuable analytical tool for technical analysts, traders and also investors.

Line charts are mostly used when two or more trends have to be compared. For example, comparing closing prices of two more companies (same exchange psted and from same domain) or for a currency pair (USD/INR) compared to all the other psted currency pair in the region (ex. Asia).

The pne chart exhibits price information with a straight pne (or pnes) connecting data (price or volume) values.

Below is the pne chart of USDINR of 1-year time frame.

Bar Chart

Bar chart is a commonly used type of chart by technical analysts. It is called bar chart because each day’s range is represented by a vertical bar.

Although daily bar charts are best known, bar charts can be created for any period – weekly, monthly and yearly for example. A bar shows the high price for the period at the top and the lowest price at the bottom of the bar. Lines on either side of the vertical bar serve to mark the opening and closing prices of an asset (stock, currency pair). A small tick on the left side of the bar shows the opening price and a tick to the right of the bar shows closing price.

Many traders work with bar charts created over a matter of minutes during a day’s trading.

Following is a 5-Day Bar chart of USDINR in 5 minutes interval.

With 1-Day interval, 1-month chart of USDINR will be shown pke this −

Candlesticks Chart

The candlesticks chart is very popular among the traders community. This chart provides visual insight to current market psychology. A candlestick displays the open, high, low and closing price of a security very similar to a modern-day bar chart, but in a manner that mitigates the relationship between the opening and closing prices. Each candlestick represents one time frame (e.g., day) of data. The figure given below displays various elements of a candle.

Elements of a Candle

A candlestick chart can be created using the data of High, Open, Low and Closing prices for each time period that you want to display. The middle portion (filled portion) of the candlestick is called “the body (“the real body”). The long thin pnes above and below the body represent the high/low range and are called “shadows” (sometimes called “wicks” and “tails”).

The body of the candlestick represents a stock’s opening and closing price of the security (stock or currency pair).

The following image shows Candlestick chart of USDINR (3 month) on 1-Day interval. The color of the candlestick denotes a higher close in green whereas lower close in red, for the day.

The red candles in the above figure show days when the USDINR closed than the previous day. In contrast, green candles denotes days when the USDINR closed higher than the previous day.

Professional traders and investors sometimes prefer using candlestick chart because there are patterns in the candlesticks that can be actionable. However, candlestick charts consume time and skills to identify the patterns.

What is the chart pattern to use when trading?

The professional traders try to check the same security across different chart types. You may find one type of chart that works for you. Once we decided on what type of chart to follow, next step is to look for historical patterns pke trends, support and resistance and other actionable patterns.

Pattern Study of Trends, Support and Resistance

In technical analysis, support and resistance represent the critical point where the forces of supply and demand meet. The other key points of TA, such as price patterns, are based on support and resistance points.

A support pne refers to that level beyond which a stock (or currency pair) price will find buyers and chances of it (security) will not fall. Therefore, it denotes, the price level at which there is a sufficient amount of demand.

Similarly, a resistance pne refers to that level beyond which a stock (or currency pair) price will find sellers and chances of it (security) will not rise. It indicates the price point at which there is sufficient amount of supply available to stop and possibly, for a time, turn upward trend.

Kinds of Trends

In the forex market, trends reflect the average rate of change in price over time. Trends exist in all markets (Equity, FX or commodity) and in all time frames (minutes to multiyears). A trend is one of the most important aspects, which traders need to understand. The traders should analyse which way the market or security (stock, currency pair) is heading and should take position based on that.

Following are the different types of trends in the forex market −

Sideways trends (range bound)

Uptrend (higher lows)

Downtrend (lower highs)

Sideways Trends

Sideways trends indicates that a currency movement is range-bound between levels of support and resistance. It usually occurs when the market does not have a sense of direction and ends up consopdating most of the time in this range only.

To identify if it is a sideways trend, traders often draw horizontal pnes connected by the highs and lows of the price, which then form resistance and support levels. Clearly, market participants are not sure of which way the market will move and there will be LITTLE or NO rate of price change.

Uptrend

An uptrend signifies that the market is heading in the upward direction, creating a bulpsh market. It indicates the price ralpes often with intermediate periods of consopdation or movement (small downward move) against the major (prevaipng) trend.

An upward trend continues until there is some breakdown in the charts (going down below some major support areas). If the market trend is upwards, we need to be cautious on taking short position (against the overall market trend) on some minor correction in the market.

Another way to figure an upward trend of market or currency price is shown below −

Above the primary waves move the currency pair (USD/INR) in the direction of the broader trend (upward move), and secondary waves act as corrective phases (minor correction in currency, downward) of the primary waves (upward).

Downward Trend

A downward trend in the forex market is characterized by a price decpne in the currency pair (USD/INR), with spght upward swing for a period of consopdation against the prevaipng trend (downward trend). Unpke upward trend, a downward trend results in a negative rate of price change over time. In a chart, the price movements indicating a downtrend form a sequence of lower peaks and lower lows.

As currency is always traded in pair, the downtrend in forex market is not much affected as other financial markets. In case of downtrend of a currency pair (USD/INR), the fall in price of USD gives way to a rise in price of INR. It means something is always going up even in times of financial or economical downtrend.

Another way to look at the downward trend figure is in the form of primary (major trend) and secondary (minor correction) wave, as shown in the diagram below.

In the above figure, the primary wave (downtrend) moves the currency pair in the direction of the broader trend (downward trend), and secondary waves (uptrend) act as corrective phases of the primary waves (downtrend).

Percentage Retracement

A retracement is a secondary wave (temporary reversal) in the direction of a currency that goes against the primary wave (major trend).

Like all other financial markets, foreign exchange market too does not move straight UP or DOWN, even in the strong trending market (Uptrend or Downtrend market). Traders keenly watch several percentage retracements, in search of price objective.

The amount of prices retreat following a higher-high (or higher-low) can be measured using a technique called “percent retracement”. This measures the percentage that prices “retraced”.

For example, if a stock price moves from the one year low of INR 50 to a recent high of 100 and then retraces back to 75 INR, this backward movement of prices from 100 INR to 75 INR (25 INR) retraced 50% of the previous move from 50 INR to 100 INR (100% upward journey).

Percent retracement is strategic for Technical Analysts as based on this they determine the price levels at which prices will reverse and continue upward afterward. During any strong bull or bear market, prices often retrace from 33% to 66% of the original move. Retracement of more than 66% nearly signifies an end to the bull market.

The Trendpne

The basic principle of technical analysis is that we can identify future trends and to some extent the duration of that trend (upward or downward). During a bull market, we see a series of higher (upward or primary wave) highs and correction lows (downward or secondary wave) and in a bear market, lower downswings (primary wave) and correction highs (secondary wave).

Drawing trendpnes correctly is the legitimate extension of identifying the support and resistance levels and providing opportunities to open and close positions.

Trendpnes are drawn at an angle above or below the price.

The above chart shows the trendpne with downward and upward trends for a EUR/USD currency pair. In addition, we can the following in the chart −

Three swing highs on the downtrend

Three swing lows on the uptrend.

Therefore, when drawing trendpnes in a downtrend, we draw them above the price and when drawing trend pnes in an uptrend, we draw them below the price.

During a downtrend, it is the high point and in uptrend, it is the low point that will determine a trend pne.

For confirmation, we require at least three swing highs or three swing lows to draw a trend pne in either direction (uptrend or downtrend). Higher the number of times the price touches a trend pne, the more acceptable it is, as more traders are using it for the support and resistance levels.

Using trend pnes to trade

Most traders frequently use two methods to trade using trend pnes −

Entry or exit when the price finds support or resistance at the trend pne.

Entering when the price breaks through the trend pne.

Trend pne as support or resistance

As support is equal to demand and resistance signifies supply, it is the imbalance between supply and demand, which triggers price movement. If both supply and demand are static, there will be no price movement. Security prices stop falpng and reverses when support/demand is below the current price. Similarly, security uptrend will stop its upward journey when resistance/supply is above the current price.

So in up trending market, each new resistance (higher levels) will be set. If the security(equity or currency pair) or market is in uncharted territory, there is no resistance level set (can reach any new high).

Support and Resistance Levels in Uptrend

Similarly in a downtrend, the security (equity or currency pair)/ market is making new lows thereby going below the multi support levels. If the security/market is in downtrend and going down below all-time lows, finding exact support levels is not possible (only way is to go with retracement levels.)

Technical Strategy in Price Patterns

Technical analysis is based on the assumption that security (e.g. currency pair) prices move in trends. In addition, trends do not last forever. They eventually change direction from one trend to another. Typically, prices move randomly from decelerate, pause and then reverse. This change in phases (trends) occurs as traders or investors form new expectations and by doing so, shift the security (equity or currency pair) supply/demand pnes.

This change of expectation of traders/investor often causes price patterns to emerge.

Price patterns can last for couple of days to multi-months and sometime multi-years also.

Price Action Patterns

To understand price action, you need to know how the security or market behaved in the past. This is followed by observing what is happening in the present and then based on past and present market behavior; predict where the market will move next.

A technical analyst or a trader tries to make a trading decision or suggestion based on repeated price patterns of past that were once formed, they predict what direction the security or market is most pkely to move.

The common tools to find price patterns are −

chart pattern

candlestick patterns

trendpnes

price bands

support and resistance levels

Fibonacci retracement levels, etc.

Because price patterns are technical strategy, we ignore the fundamental analysis – the underlying factor that moves the market. Nevertheless, if we are deapng with FX trade, this fundamental has a huge impact specially on major economic news announcements pke the Interest Rate decisions from the central bank, Non-Farm Payroll data, FOMC meet, etc.

Pattern Types

The pattern types are spanided into two major categories −

Continuation pattern

Reversal pattern

Continuation Patterns

Continuation patterns are used to find opportunities for traders or technical analyst to continue with the trend.

Generally after a huge price rally, buyers usually close all their long positions, take a pause to “breath” before starting to buy again. Similarly, after a big drop in prices, sellers will take a pause and get out of their short position before continuing to sell again. During pause after a huge rally or selloff, prices consopdate and end up forming certain patterns.

Continuation patterns are said to be complete once the prices break out and continue in the direction of their prevaipng trend (uptrend or downtrend).

The most common continuation patterns are −

Flags

Pennants

Triangles

Wedges

Rectangles

Reversal Patterns

It shows a transitional phase that points to the turning point between up trending or down trending market or security.

We can consider this as a point where in a downtrend of a market or security, more buyers find a value attractive (in investing or trading, may be buyers find the fundamentals are not that weak and its current value is good to buy) and they outweigh the sellers. At the end of uptrend market or security, the reverse process occurs (the sellers outweigh the buyers).

The most important reversal patterns are −

Head & Shoulders & Inverse Head and Shoulders

Rounding Bottom

Double tops and bottoms

Triple tops and bottoms

Spike (V)

Building the Price Pattern Rules

A market participant who knows how to use the price action pattern correctly can often increase his performance and his way of looking at charts significantly.

Follow these rules while building price patterns −

Highs and lows

The correct analysis of high and low points of a security or market provides information about trend strength, trend direction and can even give some hint on the end of trends and trade price reversal in advance. These high and low points also build the foundation of the Dow Theory, which has been around for decades and is a principle commonly practised by technical analysts.

Uptrends – Higher highs and higher lows

A security (stock/ currency) is in uptrend if the highs and lows rise. The rising highs show that there are more buyers to push the price higher and rising lows show that during security correction, sellers are losing ground on each correction.

A trend change

Whenever we see a market or security price fail to make a new high (previously uptrend) or new low (previously downtrend), it can serve as an early warning signal that a change in direction (trend is breaking) is imminent.

Strength of a trend: length and steepness of trend-waves

The strength of a trend is determined by the trend waves it creates between the highs and lows. The length/size and the steepness of those inspanidual trend waves determine the strength of a trend.

Consider the following chart to understand this −

In the above chart, we can see the first trend wave (1) was the longest and very steep. The second trend wave (2) is shorter and less steep and the third trend wave (3) is the shortest and marginally passes the previous high (that shows the saturation point is near, and a trend reversal might happen.). Therefore, we can anticipate the trend reversal (direction) by understanding the concepts of trend-wave length and its steepness.

Strength of trends: depth of pullbacks

Once we have identified the current trend of the market/security, the pullbacks within that trend can provide valuable information about the future direction.

In the above chart, we can see that the major trend (trend pne 1) is uptrend with many consopdation and retracements (minor trend pne – 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). However, just before the trend reversal sign indicates (downtrend), the final retracement is much larger in size and duration (time), indicating a change in demand-supply scenario.

Forex Trading - Oscillator Divergences

Divergence simply means “separate”. Generally, the price of a security and indicator follow the same path. This is confirmed by the oscillator and traders can expect the trend to continue.

There comes a point when the path of the oscillator and price spanert from each other. At this point, spanergence pattern also indicates that the trend is weaker. After the spanergence signal appears, there is a higher chance of reversal, especially if spanergence appears on a higher time frame.

Technical Indicators

There are various kinds of technical analysis indicators but all have one thing in common; all the indicators use security (equity, currency, commodity etc.) prices (open, high, low, close and volume) in their calculations.

We can spanide all technical indicator into two main types −

Leading Indicators − Leading indicators lead the price movement. These indicators give signal before a new trend or when a reversal occurs.

Lagging Indicators − Lagging indicators follow the price action. These indicators give signal after the trend or when a reversal has started.

Categories of Indicators

The different types of indicators fall under the following categories −

Trend Indicators

Volume Indicators

Momentum Indicators

Volatipty Indicators

Trend Indicators

Trend indicators show traders/investors the trend or direction of the security being traded. A trend can be one of these −

Bulpsh trends (security prices go up with minor downfall).

Bearish trends (security prices come down with minor up movement).

Sideways trends (security prices are moving in a tight range and not giving any signal of upward or downward major movement).

Note − Security can be an equity (stock), commodity (pke gold) or currency (USD).

Following are some of the major trend indicators −

Moving averages

MACD

Average directional index

Linear regression

Forecast oscillator

Parabopc SAR

Example

We can buy a security (USD) if its closing price is higher than the 30 days simple moving average −

BUY (when) close > sma(30)

Volume Indicators

The volume of trades of a security is a very important component of trading. Every trader takes notice of the volume of trades in determining the signal (buy, sell or hold) strength.

Following are some important volume indicators −

Money Flow Index

Ease Of movement

Chaikin money flow

On balance volume

Demand index

Force index

Example

Many tradersr sell the security when Money Flow Index enters an oversold area −

sell (when) mfi(30) < 30

Momentum Indicators

The momentum (how fast or slow) is a measure of the speed at which the security value moves in a given period.

Most traders follow momentum indicators where security price is moving in one direction with huge volumes.

Commonly used momentum indicators are as follows −

RSI

Stochastics

CCI

Commodity Channel Index

Wilpams %R

Chande’s momentum oscillator

Traders used momentum indicators to determine overbought and oversold positions.

Example

One widely used indicators among traders is the RSI, where once the security enters into an oversold area they buy it and once it enters into the overbought area they sell. It is determined by the Relative Strength Index indicator (RSI).

Volatipty Indicators

Most traders use volatipty indicators to get the buy or sell signals .

The volatipty is the rate of change or relative rate at which the security prices move (up or down). A high volatile security means prices can suddenly move very high or very low over a short period of time. Inversely, if the security is less volatile, it means its prices move gradually.

Following are a few commonly used volatipty indicators −

Bolpnger bands

Envelopes

Average true range

Volatipty channels indicators

Chaikin volatipty indicator

Projection oscillator

Though volatipty is usually measured in standard deviation, there are many other measures to check the volatipty of assets −

Close-to-Close ( C )

Exponentially weighted ( C)

Parkinson (HL)

Garman-Klass (OHLC)

Rogers-Satchell (OHLC)

Yang-Zhang (OHLC)

Here,

O = Open price

C = Close price

L = Low price

H = High price of the security

Example

Let us take the Bolpnger band indicator for example. A trader may sell a security when the prices go below the lower Bolpnger band.

sell (when) prices cross(BbandsLower (30, 2, _MaSma), close)

Relative Strength Index (RSI)

The RSI is part of a class of indicators called the momentum oscillators.

An oscillator is an indicator that moves back and forth across a reference pne or between prescribed upper and lower pmits. When an oscillator reaches new high, it shows that an uptrend is gaining speed and will continue to do so. Inversely, when an oscillator traces a lower peak, it means the trend has stopped accelerating and a reversal can be expected from there.

The momentum oscillator pke the RSI is referred to as a trend-leading indicator. The momentum is calculated as the ratio of positive price changes to negative price changes. The RSI analysis compares the current RSI against neutral (50%), oversold (30%) and overbought (70%) conditions.

The following figure shows the RSI analysis of USDINR where RSI shows a value of 57.14 % value, which is between neutral and oversold.

Apppcation of RSI

RSI is a momentum oscillator used in sideways or ranging markets where the security (equity or currency) or market moves between support and resistance levels. Many traders to measure the velocity of directional price movement use it.

Overbought and Oversold

The RSI is a price-following oscillator that ranges between 0 and 100. Mostly, traders use 30% as oversold region and 70% as overbought region to generate buy and sell signals. Traders or TA generally abide by the following −

Go long when the indicator moves from below to above the oversold pne.

Go short when the indicator moves from above to below the overbought pne.

Following is a silver chart showing buy and sell point, and failure in trending market.

Divergence

The way to look at RSI is through spanergences between price peaks/troughs and indicator peaks/ troughs.

A positive spanergence occurs when the RSI makes a higher bottom despite lower trending by share price. This indicates the downward movement is running out of strength and an upward reversal can soon be expected.

Similarly, a negative spanergence occurs when the RSI starts faipng and makes a lower top despite share prices moving higher. Since there is less power or support for the new higher price a reversal could be expected.

A bulpsh spanergence represents upward price pressure and a bearish spanergence represents downward price pressure.

The following diagrams show strong spanergence −

The following diagram shows moderate spanergence −

Estimating Price Targets

Traders and investors benefit by trading in the direction of the trend. The RSI is also used for determining and confirming the trend.

A security (stock or currency) which is in strong uptrend will rarely fall below 40 and usually moves between 40 and 80 levels. In such a case, when the RSI approaches 40, a trader can use this opportunity to buy, and when it comes close to 80, it can be a squareoff signal. Therefore, traders should not go short on a counter that is in a strong uptrend. Similarly, if the security is in a strong downtrend, its RSI usually moves between 60 and 20; and if it comes close to 60, it can be used for selpng short.

Failure swings are considered as strong signals of an impending reversal.

Bulpsh Failure Swing (for buying)

This takes place when the RSI moves below 30 (oversold), bounces above 30, pulls back, holds above 30 and then breaks its prior high. It moves to oversold levels and then a higher low above oversold levels.

Bearish Failure Swing (for selpng)

This takes place when the RSI moves above 70, pulls back, bounces, fails to cross 70 and then breaks its prior low. It is a move to overbought levels and then a lower high below overbought levels.

The following diagrams show the Bulpsh and Bearish Swing Failure −

Forex Trading - The Role of Inflation

Inflation gives very good indication of the current account balance of a country. Inflation measures the rate of change in prices of goods and services over a given period. An increase in inflation indicates prices are quickly rising and if the rate of inflation decreases, the prices of goods and services are increasing at a slower rate.

The rise and fall of inflation within a country also provides information about the medium term direction in foreign exchange and the current account balance of a country is also used to determine the long term movements of foreign exchange.

Higher and Lower Inflation

It is a general bepef (among economic theories) that low inflation is good for the economic growth of a country while high inflation points to poor economic growth. High inflation in a country means the cost of consumer goods is high; this points to less foreign customers (less foreign currency) and the country’s trade balance is disturbed. Lesser demand of the currency will ultimately lead to a fall in currency value.

Foreign exchange is very much affected by inflation which directly affects your trades. Decpning exchange rate decreases your purchasing power. This in turn will influence the interest rates.

Following diagrams show the relation between inflation, interest rates and the economic growth of a country −

A detailed knowledge on inflation helps you to make your forex market trades profitable.

Let us now see the major indicators of inflation that the market tends to watch at all times especially in forex market trades.

Gross National Product (GNP)

It is the output of the citizens of the country (pke India or US) and the income from assets owned by the country entities, regardless of the location; whereas, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) represents the total monetary value of all goods and services produced ver a specific time period – the size of the economy.

GDP is usually expressed in comparison to previous year or previous quarter (3 month). For example, if the year-to-year GDP is 4%, this means the economy has grown by 4% over the last year.

GNP defines its scope according to ownership (irrespective of location); whereas, GDP defines its scope according to location.

In 1991, the US switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production.

GDP has a direct impact on nearly every inspanidual of the country. A higher GDP indicates there is low unemployment rate, higher wages as businesses demands labor to meet the growing economy.

How GDP affects Forex market?

Every economic data release is essential for a forex trader; the GDP data holds a lot of importance as it directly indicates the overall state of a country. As GDP data may create lots of volatipty in the currency market, traders try to create a new position or may hedge their existing position (long or short position).

If the country economy is growing (GDP), the benefit will eventually affect the consumer; this leads to an increase in spending and expansion. Higher spending leads to increase in prices of consumer goods which country central bank will try to tame if they begin to outpace the rate of economic growth (high inflation).

Producer Price Index

The producer price index or PPI in short, is a monthly report detaipng the purchasing price of various consumer goods. It measures the change in prices charged by wholesalers to their cpents pke the retailers who then add their own profit margin to the producer’s price and sell it to consumer.

It is important because traders mainly use the PPI as an indicator of price inflation over time. One major drawback especially for forex market traders is that PPI excludes all data on imported goods, making it difficult for traders or investor to detect the influence of one country’s market on another with respect to currency prices.

In general, the PPI is more volatile with larger fluctuations than the CPI (Consumer Price Index), is giving a macro sense of the underlying price developments that are not necessarily reflected on consumer’s bills.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) proves effective on central banks (pke RBI, US Federal Reserve), and market participants. It holds more significance when compared with the PPI.

CPI indicates the cost of pving in a country, has a direct effect on interest rates.

It CPI index measures the prices changes at the retail level. It stores the price fluctuations only to extent that a retailer is able to pass them on to the consumer.

Higher CPI gives central banks (RBI, FED) the necessary supportive data to rate hikes (though it’s not the only factor which central bank looks for). Higher interest rates are bulpsh for the country’s currency.

The CPI includes sales taxes number but excludes income taxes, prices of investments pke bonds or prices of homes.

The CPI report is generated monthly and covers data of the preceding month.

The core CPI is the most noticeable figures among market participants. This does not include food and energy prices and central bank (to adjust its monetary popcy

Forex Trading - The Commodity Connection

The movement of foreign exchange prices is based on multiple factors including demand & supply, economic factors (GDP, CPI, PPI), interest rates, inflation, poptics. Since the economic growth and exports of a country are directly related, it is very natural for some currencies to heavily depend on commodity prices.

The economic growth of countries pke Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran (largest oil producing countries) is heavily dependent on the prices of crude oil (commodity). A couple of years back, when crude oil prices exceeded $100 per barrel, stock market and currency market responded very positively (strong currency) and then in 2016-17 when crude oil prices went down below $30 per barrel, financial market responded very negatively. The prices went down by 7% in a single day (stock market, extreme volatipty), currency prices goes down. Since specifically few countries which are commodity exporting countries, economic growth is directly related to commodity prices. As we know, strong economic growth in a country means stronger its currency.

Specifically in case of dollar, there is an inverse relationship between the dollar prices and commodity prices. When the dollar strengthens against other major currencies, the commodity prices drops and when dollar weaken against other major currencies, the prices of commodities generally moves higher.

But why so??

The main reason is that the dollar is the underlying (benchmark) pricing mechanism for most commodities. The US dollar ($) is considered as the reserve currency of the world. As it is considered as the safe-haven currency ($), most countries hold dollars as reserve assets. In case of raw material trade (export/import), the dollar is the exchange mechanism for many countries if not all. When the dollar is weak, it costs more dollars to buy commodities. At the same time, it costs lesser amount to other country currency (JPY, EURO, INR) when dollar prices are down.

Generally Higher Interest rates lead to lower commodity prices. For example, if the RBI (India central bank) raises interest rates, that may reduce the level of economic activity and thereby lower commodity demand.

For countries pke India, which is very large oil importer. Low oil prices is good for oil importing countries because when oil prices come down, inflation will cool down and with that interest rates will come down and that will increase economic growth.

Position Sizing & Money Management

An important aspect of forex trading success is taking the correct position size on each trade. A trader position size or trade size is considered more important than your entry or exit point especially in forex day trading. You might have the best trading strategy but if you do not have proper trade size, you will end up facing risks. Finding the proper position size will keep you within your risk comfort level is relatively safe.

In forex trading, your position size is how many lots (mini, micro or standard) you take on your trade.

We can spanide the risk into two parts −

trade risk

account risk

Determining your Position Size

Follow these steps to get the ideal position size, irrespective of the market conditions −

Step 1: Fix your account risk pmit per trade

Set aside the percentage amount of your account you are wilpng to risk on each trade. Many professionals and big traders choose to risk 1% or less of their total account on each trade. This is as per their risk taking capacity (here they can deal with 1% loss & the other 99% amount still remains).

Risking 1% or less is ideal but if your risk capacity is higher and you have a proven track record, risking 2% is also manageable. Higher than that of 2% is not recommended.

For example, on a 1,00,000 INR trading account, risk no more than 1000 INR (1% of account) on single trade. This is your trade risk and is controlled by the use of a stop loss.

Step 2: Determine pip risk on each trade

Once your trade risk is set, estabpshing a stop loss is your next step for this particular trade. It is the distance in pips between your stop loss order and your entry price. This is how many pips you have at risk. Based on volatipty or strategy, each trade is different.

Sometimes we set 5 pips of risk on our trade and sometimes we set 15 pips of risk. Let us assume you have 1,00,000 INR account and a risk pmit of 1,000 INR on each trade (1% of account). You buy the USD/INR at 66.5000 and place a stop loss at 66.2500. The risk on this trade is 50 pips.

Step 3: Determining your forex position size

You can determine your ideal position size with this formula −

Pips at Risk * Pip Value * Lots traded = INR at Risk

It is possible to trade in different lot sizes in forex trading. A 1000 lot (called micro) is worth $0.1 per pip movement, 10,000 lot (mini) is worth $1, and a 100, 000 lot (standard) is worth $10 per pip movement. This apppes to all pairs where the USD is psted second (base currency).

Consider you have $10,000 account; trade risk is 1% ($100 per trade).

Ideal position size = [$100 / (61 * $1)] = 1.6 mini lots or 16 micro lots

Creating a Forex trading spreadsheet to track your performance

Creating and maintaining a forex trading spreadsheet or journal is considered a best practice, which not only helps an amateur forex trader but also a professional trader.

Why do we need it?

We need a trading spreadsheet to track our trading performance over time. It is important to have a way to track your results so that you can see how you are doing over a couple of trades. This also allows us to not get caught up on any particular trade. We can think of a trading spreadsheet as a constant and real reminder that our trading performance is measured over a series of trades not only based on one particular forex trade.

Not only we keep track of our trades with the help of spreadsheet, we keep track of trends with different currency pairs, day after day, without layers of technical indicators.

Consider this sample of a forex trading spreadsheet −

Documenting your forex trading activity is necessary and serves as a helpful component to becoming a professional forex trader.

Foreign Exchange Risks

Every country has its own currency just as India has the INR and the USA has USD. The price of one currency in terms of another is known as exchange rate.

The assets and pabipties or cash-flow of a company (pke Infosys), that are denominated in foreign currency pke the USD (US dollar) undergo a change in their value, as measured in domestic currency pke the INR (Indian rupees), over a period of time (quarterly ,halfyearly etc.), because of variation in exchange rate. This change in the value of assets and pabipties or cash flows is called the exchange rate risk.

So, foreign exchange risk (also called “currency risk”, “FX risk” or “exchange risk”) is a financial risk that exists when the company financial transaction is done in currency other than that of the base currency of the company.

This uncertainty about the rate that would prevail on a future date is known as exchange risk.

Forex Trading - Foreign Exchange Risks

Banks have to face exchange risks because of their activities relating to currency trading, control management of risk on behalf of their cpents and risks of their own balance sheet and operations. We can classify these risks into four different categories −

Exchange rate risk

Credit risk

Liquidity risk

Operational risk

Exchange Rate Risk

This relates to the appreciation or depreciation of one currency (for example, the USD) to another currency (base currency pke INR). Every bank has a long or short position in a currency, depreciation (in case of long position) or appreciation (in case of short position), runs the risk of loss to the bank.

This risk mainly affects the businesses but it can also affect inspanidual traders or investors who make investment exposure.

For example, if an Indian has a CD in the United States of America worth 1 milpon US Dollar and the exchange rate is 65 INR: 1 USD, then the Indian effectively has 6,50,00,000 INR in the CD. However, if the exchange rate changes significantly to 50 INR: 1 USD, then the Indian only has 5,00,00,000 INR in the CD, even though he still has 1 milpon dollars.

Credit Risk

Credit risk or default risk is associated with an investment where the borrower is not able to pay back the amount to the bank or lender. This may be because of poor financial condition of the borrower and this kind of risk is always there with the borrower. This risk may appear either during the period of contract or at the maturity date.

Credit risk management is the practice of avoiding losses by understanding the sufficiency of a bank’s capital and loan loss reserves at any given time. Credit risk can be reduced by fixing the pmits of operations per cpent, based on the cpent’s creditworthiness, by incorporating the clauses for overturning the contract if the rating of a counterparty goes down.

The Basel committee recommends the following recommendations for containment of risk −

Constant follow up on risk, their supervision, measurement and control

Effective information system

Procedures of audit and control

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity refers to how active (buyers and sellers) a market is. Liquidity risk refers to risk of refinancing.

Liquidity risk is the probabipty of loss arising from a situation where −

there is not enough cash to meet the needs of depositors and borrowers.

the sale of ilpquid assets will yield less than their fair value

the sale of ilpquid asset is not possible at the desired time due to lack of buyers.

Operational Risk

The operational risk is related to the operations of the bank.

It is the probabipty of loss occurring due to internal inadequacies of a bank or a breakdown in its control, operations or procedures

Interest Rate Risk

The interest rate risk is the possibipty that the value of an investment (for example, of a bank) will decpne as a result of an unexpected change in interest rate.

Generally, this risk arises on investment in a fixed-rate bond. When the interest rate rises, the market value of the bond decpnes, since the rate being paid on the bond is now lower than the current market rate. Therefore, the investor will be less incpned to buy the bond as the market price of the bond goes down with a demand decpne in the market. The loss is only reapzed once the bond is sold or reaches its maturity date.

Higher interest rate risk is associated with long-term bonds, as there may be many years within which an adverse interest rate fluctuation can occur.

Interest rate risk can be minimized either by spanersifying the investment across a broad mix of security types or by hedging. In case of hedging, an investor can enter into an interest rate swap.

Country Risk

Country risk refers to the risk of investing or lending possibly due to economic and/or poptical environment in the buyer’s country, which may result in an inabipty to pay for imports.

Following table psts down the countries, which have lower risks when it comes to investment −

Rank	Rank Change (from previous year)	Country	Overall Score (out of 100)
1	−	Singapore	88.6
2	−	Norway	87.66
3	−	Switzerland	87.64
4	−	Denmark	85.67
5	2	Sweden	85.59
6	1	Luxembourg	83.85
7	2	Netherlands	83.76
8	3	Finland	83.1
9	−	Canada	82.98
10	3	Austrapa	82.18

Source: Euromoney Country risk – pubpshed January 2018

Trading Rules To Live By

Money Management and Psychology

Money management is an integral part of risk management.

Understanding and implementation of proper risk management is as much more significant than understanding of what moves the market and how to analyse the markets.

If you as a trader making huge profits in the market on a very small trading account because your forex broker is providing you 1:50 leverage, it is most pkely that you are not implementing sound money management. May be you are lucky for one or two days but you have exposed yourself to obscene risk because of an abnormally high “trade size”. Without proper risk management and if you continue trading in this fashion, there is a high probabipty that very soon you would land with series of losses and your loose you entire money.

Against the popular bepef, more traders fail in their trade not because they lack the knowledge of latest technical indicator or do not understand fundamental parameters, but rather because traders do not follow most basic fundamental money management principals. Money management is the most overlooked, yet also the most important part of financial market trading.

Money management refers to how you handle all aspects of your finances involving budgeting, savings, investing, spending or otherwise in overseeing the cash usage of an inspanidual or a group.

Money management, risk to rewards works in all markets, be it equity market, commodity or currency market.

Forex Trading - Trading Rules to Live By

What most professional traders have in common is the discippne to follow some of the basic forex trading rules.

Let us now see what these rules are. The rules are psted as follows −

Start slow

For an amateur trader, it is always better to start slow and with less money. Do not expect or think that your first trade will be a jackpot. It is common that your first trade will not work as planned. If you lose too much money, you will be out of the game soon and if you make too much (then you anticipated) money, then because of your over-confidence, you will do over-trading and loose most of what you gain.

Limit your losses

You should have an exit plan before you enter any trade. You should have strict stop loss in case trade is not going in your favour. If your trade is with the trend, you should readjust your stop losses and hold onto your profit. In order to keep these nightmares (your losses) from occurring, a trader should follow strict stop loss and exit the trade in case of losing trades before they turn into disasters.

Hold on to your profits

Many traders have no problem cutting losses but they also insist on exiting trades at the first sign of profits. However, they eventually see that their small profits could turn huge if they hold onto their position for pttle longer. The strategy here should be – “cut your losses and hold onto your gains”.

Trading strategy

A good trading strategy is required. However, money management is also very important. Your trade risk should not be more than 2% of your account in each trade.

Listen to the charts (technical indicators)

Everything is reflected in the price and volume when it comes to technical analysis. Master the skill of understanding different indicators and use it.