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Ruby - Object Oriented
  • 时间：2024-12-21

Ruby - Object Oriented

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Ruby is a pure object-oriented language and everything appears to Ruby as an object. Every value in Ruby is an object, even the most primitive things: strings, numbers and even true and false. Even a class itself is an object that is an instance of the Class class. This chapter will take you through all the major functionapties related to Object Oriented Ruby.

A class is used to specify the form of an object and it combines data representation and methods for manipulating that data into one neat package. The data and methods within a class are called members of the class.

Ruby Class Definition

When you define a class, you define a blueprint for a data type. This doesn t actually define any data, but it does define what the class name means, that is, what an object of the class will consist of and what operations can be performed on such an object.

A class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name and is depmited with an end. For example, we defined the Box class using the keyword class as follows −

class Box
   code
end

The name must begin with a capital letter and by convention names that contain more than one word are run together with each word capitapzed and no separating characters (CamelCase).

Define Ruby Objects

A class provides the blueprints for objects, so basically an object is created from a class. We declare objects of a class using new keyword. Following statements declare two objects of class Box −

box1 = Box.new
box2 = Box.new

The initiapze Method

The initiapze method is a standard Ruby class method and works almost same way as constructor works in other object oriented programming languages. The initiapze method is useful when you want to initiapze some class variables at the time of object creation. This method may take a pst of parameters and pke any other ruby method it would be preceded by def keyword as shown below −

class Box
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
end

The instance Variables

The instance variables are kind of class attributes and they become properties of objects once objects are created using the class. Every object s attributes are assigned inspanidually and share no value with other objects. They are accessed using the @ operator within the class but to access them outside of the class we use pubpc methods, which are called accessor methods. If we take the above defined class Box then @width and @height are instance variables for the class Box.

class Box
   def initiapze(w,h)
      # assign instance variables
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
end

The accessor & setter Methods

To make the variables available from outside the class, they must be defined within accessor methods, these accessor methods are also known as a getter methods. Following example shows the usage of accessor methods −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def printWidth
      @width
   end

   def printHeight
      @height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# use accessor methods
x = box.printWidth()
y = box.printHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Width of the box is : 10
Height of the box is : 20

Similar to accessor methods, which are used to access the value of the variables, Ruby provides a way to set the values of those variables from outside of the class using setter methods, which are defined as below −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end

   # setter methods
   def setWidth=(value)
      @width = value
   end
   def setHeight=(value)
      @height = value
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# use setter methods
box.setWidth = 30
box.setHeight = 50

# use accessor methods
x = box.getWidth()
y = box.getHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Width of the box is : 30
Height of the box is : 50

The instance Methods

The instance methods are also defined in the same way as we define any other method using def keyword and they can be used using a class instance only as shown below. Their functionapty is not pmited to access the instance variables, but also they can do a lot more as per your requirement.

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Area of the box is : 200

The class Methods and Variables

The class variables is a variable, which is shared between all instances of a class. In other words, there is one instance of the variable and it is accessed by object instances. Class variables are prefixed with two @ characters (@@). A class variable must be initiapzed within the class definition as shown below.

A class method is defined using def self.methodname(), which ends with end depmiter and would be called using the class name as classname.methodname as shown in the following example −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # Initiapze our class variables
   @@count = 0
   def initiapze(w,h)
      # assign instance avriables
      @width, @height = w, h

      @@count += 1
   end

   def self.printCount()
      puts "Box count is : #@@count"
   end
end

# create two object
box1 = Box.new(10, 20)
box2 = Box.new(30, 100)

# call class method to print box count
Box.printCount()

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Box count is : 2

The to_s Method

Any class you define should have a to_s instance method to return a string representation of the object. Following is a simple example to represent a Box object in terms of width and height −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # define to_s method
   def to_s
      "(w:#@width,h:#@height)"  # string formatting of the object.
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# to_s method will be called in reference of string automatically.
puts "String representation of box is : #{box}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

String representation of box is : (w:10,h:20)

Access Control

Ruby gives you three levels of protection at instance methods level, which may be pubpc, private, or protected. Ruby does not apply any access control over instance and class variables.

    Pubpc Methods − Pubpc methods can be called by anyone. Methods are pubpc by default except for initiapze, which is always private.

    Private Methods − Private methods cannot be accessed, or even viewed from outside the class. Only the class methods can access private members.

    Protected Methods − A protected method can be invoked only by objects of the defining class and its subclasses. Access is kept within the family.

Following is a simple example to show the syntax of all the three access modifiers −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # instance method by default it is pubpc
   def getArea
      getWidth() * getHeight
   end

   # define private accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end
   # make them private
   private :getWidth, :getHeight

   # instance method to print area
   def printArea
      @area = getWidth() * getHeight
      puts "Big box area is : #@area"
   end
   # make it protected
   protected :printArea
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

# try to call protected or methods
box.printArea()

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result. Here, first method is called successfully but second method gave a problem.

Area of the box is : 200
test.rb:42: protected method `printArea  called for #
<Box:0xb7f11280 @height = 20, @width = 10> (NoMethodError)

Class Inheritance

One of the most important concepts in object-oriented programming is that of inheritance. Inheritance allows us to define a class in terms of another class, which makes it easier to create and maintain an apppcation.

Inheritance also provides an opportunity to reuse the code functionapty and fast implementation time but unfortunately Ruby does not support multiple levels of inheritances but Ruby supports mixins. A mixin is pke a speciapzed implementation of multiple inheritance in which only the interface portion is inherited.

When creating a class, instead of writing completely new data members and member functions, the programmer can designate that the new class should inherit the members of an existing class. This existing class is called the base class or superclass, and the new class is referred to as the derived class or sub-class.

Ruby also supports the concept of subclassing, i.e., inheritance and following example explains the concept. The syntax for extending a class is simple. Just add a < character and the name of the superclass to your class statement. For example, following define a class BigBox as a subclass of Box −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      &commat;width, &commat;height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      &commat;width * &commat;height
   end
end

# define a subclass
class BigBox < Box

   # add a new instance method
   def printArea
      &commat;area = &commat;width * &commat;height
      puts "Big box area is : #&commat;area"
   end
end

# create an object
box = BigBox.new(10, 20)

# print the area
box.printArea()

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Big box area is : 200

Methods Overriding

Though you can add new functionapty in a derived class, but sometimes you would pke to change the behavior of already defined method in a parent class. You can do so simply by keeping the method name same and overriding the functionapty of the method as shown below in the example −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      &commat;width, &commat;height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      &commat;width * &commat;height
   end
end

# define a subclass
class BigBox < Box

   # change existing getArea method as follows
   def getArea
      &commat;area = &commat;width * &commat;height
      puts "Big box area is : #&commat;area"
   end
end

# create an object
box = BigBox.new(10, 20)

# print the area using overriden method.
box.getArea()

Operator Overloading

We d pke the &plus; operator to perform vector addition of two Box objects using &plus;, the * operator to multiply a Box width and height by a scalar, and the unary - operator to do negate the width and height of the Box. Here is a version of the Box class with mathematical operators defined −

class Box
   def initiapze(w,h)     # Initiapze the width and height
      &commat;width,&commat;height = w, h
   end

   def &plus;(other)       # Define &plus; to do vector addition
      Box.new(&commat;width &plus; other.width, &commat;height &plus; other.height)
   end

   def -&commat;           # Define unary minus to negate width and height
      Box.new(-&commat;width, -&commat;height)
   end

   def *(scalar)           # To perform scalar multippcation
      Box.new(&commat;width*scalar, &commat;height*scalar)
   end
end

Freezing Objects

Sometimes, we want to prevent an object from being changed. The freeze method in Object allows us to do this, effectively turning an object into a constant. Any object can be frozen by invoking Object.freeze. A frozen object may not be modified: you can t change its instance variables.

You can check if a given object is already frozen or not using Object.frozen? method, which returns true in case the object is frozen otherwise a false value is return. Following example clears the concept −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end

   # setter methods
   def setWidth=(value)
      @width = value
   end
   def setHeight=(value)
      @height = value
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# let us freez this object
box.freeze
if( box.frozen? )
   puts "Box object is frozen object"
else
   puts "Box object is normal object"
end

# now try using setter methods
box.setWidth = 30
box.setHeight = 50

# use accessor methods
x = box.getWidth()
y = box.getHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Box object is frozen object
test.rb:20:in `setWidth= : can t modify frozen object (TypeError)
   from test.rb:39

Class Constants

You can define a constant inside a class by assigning a direct numeric or string value to a variable, which is defined without using either &commat; or &commat;&commat;. By convention, we keep constant names in upper case.

Once a constant is defined, you cannot change its value but you can access a constant directly inside a class much pke a variable but if you want to access a constant outside of the class then you would have to use classname::constant as shown in the below example.

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   BOX_COMPANY = "TATA Inc"
   BOXWEIGHT = 10
   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      &commat;width, &commat;height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      &commat;width * &commat;height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"
puts Box::BOX_COMPANY
puts "Box weight is: #{Box::BOXWEIGHT}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Area of the box is : 200
TATA Inc
Box weight is: 10

Class constants are inherited and can be overridden pke instance methods.

Create Object Using Allocate

There may be a situation when you want to create an object without calpng its constructor initiapze i.e. using new method, in such case you can call allocate, which will create an uninitiapzed object for you as in the following example −

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   attr_accessor :width, :height

   # constructor method
   def initiapze(w,h)
      &commat;width, &commat;height = w, h
   end

   # instance method
   def getArea
      &commat;width * &commat;height
   end
end

# create an object using new
box1 = Box.new(10, 20)

# create another object using allocate
box2 = Box.allocate

# call instance method using box1
a = box1.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

# call instance method using box2
a = box2.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Area of the box is : 200
test.rb:14: warning: instance variable @width not initiapzed
test.rb:14: warning: instance variable @height not initiapzed
test.rb:14:in `getArea : undefined method `*  
   for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError) from test.rb:29

Class Information

If class definitions are executable code, this imppes that they execute in the context of some object: self must reference something. Let s find out what it is.

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # print class information
   puts "Type of self = #{self.type}"
   puts "Name of self = #{self.name}"
end

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Type of self = Class
Name of self = Box

This means that a class definition is executed with that class as the current object. This means that methods in the metaclass and its superclasses will be available during the execution of the method definition.

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