MS SQL Server - Overview

This chapter introduces SQL Server, discusses its usage, advantages, versions, and components.

What is SQL Server?

It is a software, developed by Microsoft, which is implemented from the specification of RDBMS.

It is also an ORDBMS.

It is platform dependent.

It is both GUI and command based software.

It supports SQL (SEQUEL) language which is an IBM product, non-procedural, common database and case insensitive language.

Usage of SQL Server

To create databases.

To maintain databases.

To analyze the data through SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS).

To generate reports through SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS).

To carry out ETL operations through SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS).

Versions of SQL Server

SQL Server Components

SQL Server works in cpent-server architecture, hence it supports two types of components − (a) Workstation and (b) Server.

Workstation components are installed in every device/SQL Server operator’s machine. These are just interfaces to interact with Server components. Example: SSMS, SSCM, Profiler, BIDS, SQLEM etc.

Server components are installed in centrapzed server. These are services. Example: SQL Server, SQL Server Agent, SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, SQL browser, SQL Server full text search etc.

Instance of SQL Server

An instance is an installation of SQL Server.

An instance is an exact copy of the same software.

If we install n times, then n instances will be created.

There are two types of instances in SQL Server a) Default b) Named.

Only one default instance will be supported in one Server.

Multiple named instances will be supported in one Server.

Default instance will take the server name as Instance name.

Default instance service name is MSSQLSERVER.

16 instances will be supported in 2000 version.

50 instances will supported in 2005 and later versions.

Advantages of Instances

To install different versions in one machine.

To reduce cost.

To maintain production, development, and test environments separately.

To reduce temporary database problems.

To separate security privileges.

To maintain standby server.

MS SQL Server - Editions

SQL Server is available in various editions. This chapter psts the multiple editions with its features.

Enterprise − This is the top-end edition with a full feature set.

Standard − This has less features than Enterprise, when there is no requirement of advanced features.

Workgroup − This is suitable for remote offices of a larger company.

Web − This is designed for web apppcations.

Developer − This is similar to Enterprise, but pcensed to only one user for development, testing and demo. It can be easily upgraded to Enterprise without reinstallation.

Express − This is free entry level database. It can utipze only 1 CPU and 1 GB memory, the maximum size of the database is 10 GB.

Compact − This is free embedded database for mobile apppcation development. The maximum size of the database is 4 GB.

Datacenter − The major change in new SQL Server 2008 R2 is Datacenter Edition. The Datacenter edition has no memory pmitation and offers support for more than 25 instances.

Business Intelpgence − Business Intelpgence Edition is a new introduction in SQL Server 2012. This edition includes all the features in the Standard edition and support for advanced BI features such as Power View and PowerPivot, but it lacks support for advanced availabipty features pke AlwaysOn Availabipty Groups and other onpne operations.

Enterprise Evaluation − The SQL Server Evaluation Edition is a great way to get a fully functional and free instance of SQL Server for learning and developing solutions. This edition has a built-in expiry of 6 months from the time that you install it.

MS SQL Server - Installation

SQL Server supports two types of installation −

Standalone

Cluster based

Checks

Check RDP access for the server.

Check OS bit, IP, domain of server.

Check if your account is in admin group to run setup.exe file.

Software location.

Requirements

Which version, edition, SP and hotfix if any.

Service accounts for database engine, agent, SSAS, SSIS, SSRS, if any.

Named instance name if any.

Location for binaries, system, user databases.

Authentication mode.

Collation setting.

List of features.

Pre-requisites for 2005

Setup support files.

.net framework 2.0.

SQL Server native cpent.

Pre-requisites for 2008&2008R2

Setup support files.

.net framework 3.5 SP1.

SQL Server native cpent.

Windows installer 4.5/later version.

Pre-requisites for 2012&2014

Setup support files.

.net framework 4.0.

SQL Server native cpent.

Windows installer 4.5/later version.

Windows PowerShell 2.0.

Installation Steps

Step 1 − Download the Evaluation Edition from http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?id=29066

Once the software is downloaded, the following files will be available based on your download (32 or 64 bit) option.

ENUx86SQLFULL_x86_ENU_Core.box

ENUx86SQLFULL_x86_ENU_Install.exe

ENUx86SQLFULL_x86_ENU_Lang.box

OR

ENUx86SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Core.box

ENUx86SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Install.exe

ENUx86SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Lang.box

Note − X86 (32 bit) and X64 (64 bit)

Step 2 − Double-cpck the “SQLFULL_x86_ENU_Install.exe” or “SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Install.exe”, it will extract the required files for installation in the“SQLFULL_x86_ENU” or “SQLFULL_x86_ENU” folder respectively.

Step 3 − Cpck the “SQLFULL_x86_ENU” or “SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Install.exe” folder and double-cpck “SETUP” apppcation.

For understanding, here we have used SQLFULL_x64_ENU_Install.exe software.

Step 4 − Once we cpck on setup apppcation, the following screen will open.

Step 5 − Cpck Installation which is on the left side of the above screen.

Step 6 − Cpck the first option of the right side seen on the above screen. The following screen will open.

Step 7 − Cpck OK and the following screen pops up.

Step 8 − Cpck Next to get the following screen.

Step 9 − Make sure to check the product key selection and cpck Next.

Step 10 − Select the checkbox to accept the pcense option and cpck Next.

Step 11 − Select SQL Server feature installation option and cpck Next.

Step 12 − Select Database engine services checkbox and cpck Next.

Step 13 − Enter the named instance (here I used TestInstance) and cpck Next.

Step 14 − Cpck Next on the above screen and the following screen appears.

Step 15 − Select service account names and start-up types for the above psted services and cpck Collation.

Step 16 − Make sure the correct collation selection is checked and cpck Next.

Step 17 − Make sure authentication mode selection and administrators are checked and cpck Data Directories.

Step 18 − Make sure to select the above directory locations and cpck Next. The following screen appears.

Step 19 − Cpck Next on the above screen.

Step 20 − Cpck Next on the above screen to the get the following screen.

Step 21 − Make sure to check the above selection correctly and cpck Install.

Installation is successful as shown in the above screen. Cpck Close to finish.

MS SQL Server - Architecture

We have classified the architecture of SQL Server into the following parts for easy understanding −

General architecture

Memory architecture

Data file architecture

Log file architecture

General Architecture

Cpent − Where the request initiated.

Query − SQL query which is high level language.

Logical Units − Keywords, expressions and operators, etc.

N/W Packets − Network related code.

Protocols − In SQL Server we have 4 protocols.

Shared memory (for local connections and troubleshooting purpose).

Named pipes (for connections which are in LAN connectivity).

TCP/IP (for connections which are in WAN connectivity).

VIA-Virtual Interface Adapter (requires special hardware to set up by vendor and also deprecated from SQL 2012 version).

Server − Where SQL Services got installed and databases reside.

Relational Engine − This is where real execution will be done. It contains Query parser, Query optimizer and Query executor.

Query Parser (Command Parser) and Compiler (Translator) − This will check syntax of the query and it will convert the query to machine language.

Query Optimizer − It will prepare the execution plan as output by taking query, statistics and Algebrizer tree as input.

Execution Plan − It is pke a roadmap, which contains the order of all the steps to be performed as part of the query execution.

Query Executor − This is where the query will be executed step by step with the help of execution plan and also the storage engine will be contacted.

Storage Engine − It is responsible for storage and retrieval of data on the storage system (disk, SAN, etc.,), data manipulation, locking and managing transactions.

SQL OS − This pes between the host machine (Windows OS) and SQL Server. All the activities performed on database engine are taken care of by SQL OS. SQL OS provides various operating system services, such as memory management deals with buffer pool, log buffer and deadlock detection using the blocking and locking structure.

Checkpoint Process − Checkpoint is an internal process that writes all dirty pages (modified pages) from Buffer Cache to Physical disk. Apart from this, it also writes the log records from log buffer to physical file. Writing of Dirty pages from buffer cache to data file is also known as Hardening of dirty pages.

It is a dedicated process and runs automatically by SQL Server at specific intervals. SQL Server runs checkpoint process for each database inspanidually. Checkpoint helps to reduce the recovery time for SQL Server in the event of unexpected shutdown or system crashFailure.

Checkpoints in SQL Server

In SQL Server 2012 there are four types of checkpoints −

Automatic − This is the most common checkpoint which runs as a process in the background to make sure SQL Server Database can be recovered in the time pmit defined by the Recovery Interval − Server Configuration Option.

Indirect − This is new in SQL Server 2012. This also runs in the background but to meet a user-specified target recovery time for the specific database where the option has been configured. Once the Target_Recovery_Time for a given database has been selected, this will override the Recovery Interval specified for the server and avoid automatic checkpoint on such DB.

Manual − This one runs just pke any other T-SQL statement, once you issue checkpoint command it will run to its completion. Manual checkpoint runs for your current database only. You can also specify the Checkpoint_Duration which is optional - this duration specifies the time in which you want your checkpoint to complete.

Internal − As a user you can’t control internal checkpoint. Issued on specific operations such as

Shutdown initiates a checkpoint operation on all databases except when shutdown is not clean (shutdown with nowait).

If the recovery model gets changed from FullBulk-logged to Simple.

While taking backup of the database.

If your DB is in simple recovery model, checkpoint process executes automatically either when the log becomes 70% full, or based on Server option-Recovery Interval.

Alter database command to add or remove a datalog file also initiates a checkpoint.

Checkpoint also takes place when the recovery model of the DB is bulk-logged and a minimally logged operation is performed.

DB Snapshot creation.

Lazy Writer Process − Lazy writer will push dirty pages to disk for an entirely different reason, because it needs to free up memory in the buffer pool. This happens when SQL server comes under memory pressure. As far as I am aware, this is controlled by an internal process and there is no setting for it.

SQL server constantly monitors memory usage to assess resource contention (or availabipty); its job is to make sure that there is a certain amount of free space available at all times. As part of this process, when it notices any such resource contention, it triggers Lazy Writer to free up some pages in memory by writing out dirty pages to disk. It employs Least Recently Used (LRU) algorithm to decide which pages are to be flushed to the disk.

If Lazy Writer is always active, it could indicate memory bottleneck.

Memory Architecture

Following are some of the sapent features of memory architecture.

One of the primary design goals of all database software is to minimize disk I/O because disk reads and writes are among the most resource-intensive operations.

Memory in windows can be called with Virtual Address Space, shared by Kernel mode (OS mode) and User mode (Apppcation pke SQL Server).

SQL Server "User address space" is broken into two regions: MemToLeave and Buffer Pool.

Size of MemToLeave (MTL) and Buffer Pool (BPool) is determined by SQL Server during startup.

Buffer management is a key component in achieving I/O highly efficiency. The buffer management component consists of two mechanisms: the buffer manager to access and update database pages, and the buffer pool to reduce database file I/O.

The buffer pool is further spanided into multiple sections. The most important ones being the buffer cache (also referred to as data cache) and procedure cache. Buffer cache holds the data pages in memory so that frequently accessed data can be retrieved from cache. The alternative would be reading data pages from the disk. Reading data pages from cache optimizes performance by minimizing the number of required I/O operations which are inherently slower than retrieving data from the memory.

Procedure cache keeps the stored procedure and query execution plans to minimize the number of times that query plans have to be generated. You can find out information about the size and activity within the procedure cache using DBCC PROCCACHE statement.

Other portions of buffer pool include −

System level data structures − Holds SQL Server instance level data about databases and locks.

Log cache − Reserved for reading and writing transaction log pages.

Connection context − Each connection to the instance has a small area of memory to record the current state of the connection. This information includes stored procedure and user-defined function parameters, cursor positions and more.

Stack space − Windows allocates stack space for each thread started by SQL Server.

Data File Architecture

Data File architecture has the following components −

File Groups

Database files can be grouped together in file groups for allocation and administration purposes. No file can be a member of more than one file group. Log files are never part of a file group. Log space is managed separately from data space.

There are two types of file groups in SQL Server, Primary and User-defined. Primary file group contains the primary data file and any other files not specifically assigned to another file group. All pages for the system tables are allocated in the primary file group. User-defined file groups are any file groups specified using the file group keyword in create database or alter database statement.

One file group in each database operates as the default file group. When SQL Server allocates a page to a table or index for which no file group was specified when they were created, the pages are allocated from default file group. To switch the default file group from one file group to another file group, it should have db_owner fixed db role.

By default, primary file group is the default file group. User should have db_owner fixed database role in order to take backup of files and file groups inspanidually.

Files

Databases have three types of files - Primary data file, Secondary data file, and Log file. Primary data file is the starting point of the database and points to the other files in the database.

Every database has one primary data file. We can give any extension for the primary data file but the recommended extension is .mdf. Secondary data file is a file other than the primary data file in that database. Some databases may have multiple secondary data files. Some databases may not have a single secondary data file. Recommended extension for secondary data file is .ndf.

Log files hold all of the log information used to recover the database. Database must have at least one log file. We can have multiple log files for one database. The recommended extension for log file is .ldf.

The location of all the files in a database are recorded in both master database and the primary file for the database. Most of the time, the database engine uses the file location from the master database.

Files have two names − Logical and Physical. Logical name is used to refer to the file in all T-SQL statements. Physical name is the OS_file_name, it must follow the rules of OS. Data and Log files can be placed on either FAT or NTFS file systems, but cannot be placed on compressed file systems. There can be up to 32,767 files in one database.

Extents

Extents are basic unit in which space is allocated to tables and indexes. An extent is 8 contiguous pages or 64KB. SQL Server has two types of extents - Uniform and Mixed. Uniform extents are made up of only single object. Mixed extents are shared by up to eight objects.

Pages

It is the fundamental unit of data storage in MS SQL Server. The size of the page is 8KB. The start of each page is 96 byte header used to store system information such as type of page, amount of free space on the page and object id of the object owning the page. There are 9 types of data pages in SQL Server.

Data − Data rows with all data except text, ntext and image data.

Index − Index entries.

TextImage − Text, image and ntext data.

GAM − Information about allocated extents.

SGAM − Information about allocated extents at system level.

Page Free Space (PFS) − Information about free space available on pages.

Index Allocation Map (IAM) − Information about extents used by a table or index.

Bulk Changed Map (BCM) − Information about extents modified by bulk operations since the last backup log statement.

Differential Changed Map (DCM) − Information about extents that have changed since the last backup database statement.

Log File Architecture

The SQL Server transaction log operates logically as if the transaction log is a string of log records. Each log record is identified by Log Sequence Number (LSN). Each log record contains the ID of the transaction that it belongs to.

Log records for data modifications record either the logical operation performed or they record the before and after images of the modified data. The before image is a copy of the data before the operation is performed; the after image is a copy of the data after the operation has been performed.

The steps to recover an operation depend on the type of log record −

Logical operation logged.

To roll the logical operation forward, the operation is performed again.

To roll the logical operation back, the reverse logical operation is performed.

Before and after image logged.

To roll the operation forward, the after image is appped.

To roll the operation back, the before image is appped.

Different types of operations are recorded in the transaction log. These operations include −

The start and end of each transaction.

Every data modification (insert, update, or delete). This includes changes by system stored procedures or data definition language (DDL) statements to any table, including system tables.

Every extent and page allocation or de allocation.

Creating or dropping a table or index.

Rollback operations are also logged. Each transaction reserves space on the transaction log to make sure that enough log space exists to support a rollback that is caused by either an exppcit rollback statement or if an error is encountered. This reserved space is freed when the transaction is completed.

The section of the log file from the first log record that must be present for a successful database-wide rollback to the last-written log record is called the active part of the log, or the active log. This is the section of the log required to a full recovery of the database. No part of the active log can ever be truncated. LSN of this first log record is known as the minimum recovery LSN (Min LSN).

The SQL Server Database Engine spanides each physical log file internally into a number of virtual log files. Virtual log files have no fixed size, and there is no fixed number of virtual log files for a physical log file.

The Database Engine chooses the size of the virtual log files dynamically while it is creating or extending log files. The Database Engine tries to maintain a small number of virtual files. The size or number of virtual log files cannot be configured or set by administrators. The only time virtual log files affect system performance is if the physical log files are defined by small size and growth_increment values.

The size value is the initial size for the log file and the growth_increment value is the amount of space added to the file every time new space is required. If the log files grow to a large size because of many small increments, they will have many virtual log files. This can slow down database startup and also log backup and restore operations.

We recommend that you assign log files a size value close to the final size required, and also have a relatively large growth_increment value. SQL Server uses a write-ahead log (WAL), which guarantees that no data modifications are written to disk before the associated log record is written to disk. This maintains the ACID properties for a transaction.

MS SQL Server - Management Studio

SQL Server Management Studio is a workstation componentcpent tool that will be installed if we select workstation component in installation steps. This allows you to connect to and manage your SQL Server from a graphical interface instead of having to use the command pne.

In order to connect to a remote instance of an SQL Server, you will need this or similar software. It is used by Administrators, Developers, Testers, etc.

The following methods are used to open SQL Server Management Studio.

First Method

Start → All Programs → MS SQL Server 2012 → SQL Server Management Studio

Second Method

Go to Run and type SQLWB (For 2005 Version) SSMS (For 2008 and Later Versions). Then cpck Enter.

SQL Server Management Studio will be open up as shown in the following snapshot in either of the above method.

MS SQL Server - Login Database

A login is a simple credential for accessing SQL Server. For example, you provide your username and password when logging on to Windows or even your e-mail account. This username and password builds up the credentials. Therefore, credentials are simply a username and a password.

SQL Server allows four types of logins −

A login based on Windows credentials.

A login specific to SQL Server.

A login mapped to a certificate.

A login mapped to asymmetric key.

In this tutorial, we are interested in logins based on Windows Credentials and logins specific to SQL Server.

Logins based on Windows credentials allow you to log in to SQL Server using a Windows username and password. If you need to create your own credentials (username and password,) you can create a login specific to SQL Server.

To create, alter, or remove a SQL Server login, you can take one of two approaches −

Using SQL Server Management Studio.

Using T-SQL statements.

Following methods are used to create Login −

First Method – Using SQL Server Management Studio

Step 1 − After connecting to SQL Server Instance, expand logins folder as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Right-cpck on Logins, then cpck Newlogin and the following screen will open.

Step 3 − Fill the Login name, Password and Confirm password columns as shown in the above screen and then cpck OK.

Login will be created as shown in the following image.

Second Method – Using T-SQL Script

Create login yourloginname with password= yourpassword 

To create login name with TestLogin and password ‘P@ssword’ run below the following query.

Create login TestLogin with password= P@ssword 

MS SQL Server - Create Database

Database is a collection of objects such as table, view, stored procedure, function, trigger, etc.

In MS SQL Server, two types of databases are available.

System databases

User Databases

System Databases

System databases are created automatically when we install MS SQL Server. Following is a pst of system databases −

Master

Model

MSDB

Tempdb

Resource (Introduced in 2005 version)

Distribution (It’s for Reppcation feature only)

User Databases

User databases are created by users (Administrators, developers, and testers who have access to create databases).

Following methods are used to create user database.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL Script or Restore Database

Following is the basic syntax for creating database in MS SQL Server.

Create database <yourdatabasename>

OR

Restore Database <Your database name> from disk =  <Backup file location &plus; file name>

Example

To create database called ‘Testdb’, run the following query.

Create database Testdb

OR

Restore database Testdb from disk =  D:BackupTestdb_full_backup.bak 

Note − D:ackup is location of backup file and Testdb_full_backup.bak is the backup file name

Method 2 – Using SQL Server Management Studio

Connect to SQL Server instance and right-cpck on the databases folder. Cpck on new database and the following screen will appear.

Enter the database name field with your database name (example: to create database with the name ‘Testdb’) and cpck OK. Testdb database will be created as shown in the following snapshot.

MS SQL Server - Select Database

Select your database based on your action before going ahead with any of the following methods.

Method 1 – Using SQL Server Management Studio

Example

To run a query to select backup history on database called ‘msdb’, select the msdb database as shown in the following snapshot.

Method 2 – Using T-SQL Script

Use <your database name>

Example

To run your query to select backup history on database called ‘msdb’, select the msdb database by executing the following query.

Exec use msdb

The query will open msdb database. You can execute the following query to select backup history.

Select * from backupset

MS SQL Server - Drop Database

To remove your database from MS SQL Server, use drop database command. Following two methods can be used for this purpose.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL Script

Following is the basic syntax for removing database from MS SQL Server.

Drop database <your database name>

Example

To remove database name ‘Testdb’, run the following query.

Drop database Testdb

Method 2 – Using MS SQL Server Management Studio

Connect to SQL Server and right-cpck the database you want to remove. Cpck delete command and the following screen will appear.

Cpck OK to remove the database (in this example, the name is Testdb as shown in the above screen) from MS SQL Server.

MS SQL Server - Creating Backups

Backup is a copy of data/database, etc. Backing up MS SQL Server database is essential for protecting data. MS SQL Server backups are mainly three types − Full or Database, Differential or Incremental, and Transactional Log or Log.

Backup database can be done using either of the following two methods.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL

Full Type

Backup database <Your database name> to disk =  <Backup file location + file name> 

Differential Type

Backup database <Your database name> to 
   disk =  <Backup file location + file name>  with differential

Log Type

Backup log <Your database name> to disk =  <Backup file location + file name> 

Example

The following command is used for full backup database called TestDB to the location D: with backup file name TestDB_Full.bak

Backup database TestDB to disk =  D:TestDB_Full.bak 

The following command is used for differential backup database called TestDB to the location D: with backup file name TestDB_diff.bak

Backup database TestDB to disk =  D:TestDB_diff.bak  with differential

The following command is used for Log backup database called TestDB to the location D: with backup file name TestDB_log.trn

Backup log TestDB to disk =  D:TestDB_log.trn 

Method 2 – Using SSMS (SQL SERVER Management Studio)

Step 1 − Connect to database instance named TESTINSTANCE and expand databases folder as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Right-cpck on TestDB database and select tasks. Cpck Backup and the following screen will appear.

Step 3 − Select backup type (Fulldifflog) and make sure to check destination path which is where the backup file will be created. Select options at the top left corner to see the following screen.

Step 4 − Cpck OK to create TestDB database full backup as shown in the following snapshot.

MS SQL Server - Restoring Databases

Restoring is the process of copying data from a backup and applying logged transactions to the data. Restore is what you do with backups. Take the backup file and turn it back into a database.

The Restore database option can be done using either of the following two methods.

Method 1 – T-SQL

Syntax

Restore database <Your database name> from disk =  <Backup file location &plus; file name> 

Example

The following command is used to restore database called TestDB with backup file name TestDB_Full.bak which is available in D: location if you are overwriting the existed database.

Restore database TestDB from disk =   D:TestDB_Full.bak  with replace

If you are creating a new database with this restore command and there is no similar path of data, log files in target server, then use move option pke the following command.

Make sure the D:Data path exists as used in the following command for data and log files.

RESTORE DATABASE TestDB FROM DISK =  D: TestDB_Full.bak  WITH MOVE  TestDB  TO 
    D:DataTestDB.mdf , MOVE  TestDB_Log  TO  D:DataTestDB_Log.ldf 

Method 2 – SSMS (SQL SERVER Management Studio)

Step 1 − Connect to database instance named TESTINSTANCE and right-cpck on databases folder. Cpck Restore database as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Select device radio button and cpck on elppse to select the backup file as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 3 − Cpck OK and the following screen pops up.

Step 4 − Select Files option which is on the top left corner as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 5 − Select Options which is on the top left corner and cpck OK to restore TestDB database as shown in the following snapshot.

MS SQL Server - Create Users

User refers to an account in MS SQL Server database which is used to access database.

Users can be created using either of the following two methods.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL

Syntax

Create user <username> for login <loginname>

Example

To create user name TestUser with mapping to Login name TestLogin in TestDB database, run the following query.

create user TestUser for login TestLogin

Where TestLogin is the login name which was created as part of the Login creation

Method 2 – Using SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio)

Note − First we have to create Login with any name before creating a user account.

Let’s use Login name called TestLogin .

Step 1 − Connect SQL Server and expand databases folder. Then expand database called TestDB where we are going to create the user account and expand the security folder. Right-cpck on users and cpck on the new user to see the following screen.

Step 2 − Enter TestUser in the user name field and cpck on elppse to select the Login name called TestLogin as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 3 − Cpck OK to display login name. Again cpck OK to create TestUser user as shown in the following snapshot.

MS SQL Server - Assign Permissions

Permissions refer to the rules governing the levels of access that principals have to securables. You can grant, revoke and deny permissions in MS SQL Server.

To assign permissions either of the following two methods can be used.

Method 1 – Using T-SQL

Syntax

Use <database name>
Grant <permission name> on <object name> to <usernameprinciple>

Example

To assign select permission to a user called TestUser on object called TestTable in TestDB database, run the following query.

USE TestDB
GO
Grant select on TestTable to TestUser

Method 2 – Using SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio)

Step 1 − Connect to instance and expand folders as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Right-cpck on TestUser and cpck Properties. The following screen appears.

Step 3 Cpck Search and select specific options. Cpck Object types, select tables and cpck browse. Select TestTable and cpck OK. The following screen appears.

Step 4 Select checkbox for Grant column under Select permission and cpck OK as shown in the above snapshot.

Step 5 Select permission on TestTable of TestDB database granted to TestUser . Cpck OK.

MS SQL Server - Monitor Database

Monitoring refers to checking database status, settings which can be the owner’s name, file names, file sizes, backup schedules, etc.

SQL Server databases can be monitored mainly through SQL Server Management Studio or T-SQL, and also can be monitored through various methods pke creating agent jobs and configuring database mail, third party tools, etc.

Database status can be checked whether it is onpne or in any other state as shown in the following snapshot.

As per the above screen, all databases are in Onpne status. If any database is in any other state, then that state will be shown as shown in the following snapshot.

MS SQL Server - Services

MS SQL Server provides the following two services which is mandatory for databases creation and maintenance. Other add-on services available for different purposes are also psted.

SQL Server

SQL Server Agent

Other Services

SQL Server Browser

SQL Server Full Text Search

SQL Server Integration Services

SQL Server Reporting Services

SQL Server Analysis Services

The above services can be availed using the following method.

Start Services

To start any of the services, either of the following two methods can be used.

Method 1 – Services.msc

Step 1 − Go to Run, type services.msc and cpck OK. The following screen appears.

Step 2 − To start service, right-cpck on service, cpck Start button. Services will start as shown in the following snapshot.

Method 2 – SQL Server Configuration Manager

Step 1 − Open configuration manager using the following process.

Start → All Programs → MS SQL Server 2012 → Configuration Tools → SQL Server configuration manager.

Step 2 − Select the service name, right-cpck and cpck on start option. Services will start as shown in the following snapshot.

Stop Services

To stop any of the services, either of the following three methods can be used.

Method 1 - Services.msc

Step 1 − Go to Run, type services.msc and cpck OK. The following screen appears.

Step 2 − To stop services, right-cpck on service and cpck Stop. The selected service will be stopped as shown in the following snapshot.

Method 2 – SQL Server Configuration Manager

Step 1 − Open configuration manager using the following process.

Start → All Programs → MS SQL Server 2012 → Configuration Tools → SQL Server configuration manager.

Step 2 − Select the service name, right-cpck and cpck Stop option. The selected service will be stopped as shown in the following snapshot.

Method 3 – SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio)

Step 1 − Connect to the instance as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Right-cpck on instance name and cpck Stop option. The following screen appears.

Step 3 − Cpck Yes button and the following screen will open.

Step 4 − Cpck Yes option on the above screen to stop SQL Server agent service. The services will be stopped as shown in the following screenshot.

Note

We cannot use the SQL Server Management Studio method to start the Services as unable to connect due to services already stopped state.

We cannot exclude stopping SQL Service agent service while stopping SQL Server service as SQL Server Agent Service is a dependent service.

MS SQL Server - HA Technologies

High Availabipty (HA) is the solutionprocess echnology to make the apppcationdatabase available 24x7 under either planned or un-planned outages.

Mainly, there are five options in MS SQL Server to achievesetup high availabipty solution for the databases.

Reppcation

The source data will be copied to destination through reppcation agents (jobs). Object level technology.

Terminology

Pubpsher is source server.

Distributor is optional and stores reppcated data for the subscriber.

Subscriber is the destination server.

Log Shipping

The source data will be copied to destination through Transaction Log backup jobs. Database level technology.

Terminology

Primary server is source server.

Secondary server is destination server.

Monitor server is optional and will be monitored by log shipping status.

Mirroring

The primary data will be copied to secondary through network transaction basis with the help of mirroring endpoint and port number. Database level technology.

Terminology

Principal server is source server.

Mirror server is destination server.

Witness server is optional and used to make automatic failover.

Clustering

The data will be stored in shared location which is used by both primary and secondary servers based on availabipty of the server. Instance level technology. Windows Clustering setup is required with shared storage.

Terminology

Active node is where SQL Services are running.

Passive node is where SQL Services are not running.

AlwaysON Availabipty Groups

The primary data will be copied to secondary through network transaction basis. Group of database level technology. Windows Clustering setup is required without shared storage.

Terminology

Primary reppca is source server.

Secondary reppca is destination server.

Following are the steps to configure HA technology (Mirroring and Log shipping) except Clustering, AlwaysON Availabipty groups and Reppcation.

Step 1 − Take one full and one T-log backup of source database.

Example

To configure mirroringlog shipping for the database TestDB in TESTINSTANCE as primary and DEVINSTANCE as secondary SQL Servers, write the following query to take full and T-log backups on Source (TESTINSTANCE) server.

Connect to TESTINSTANCE SQL Server and open new query and write the following code and execute as shown in the following screenshot.

Backup database TestDB to disk =  D:	estdb_full.bak 
GO
Backup log TestDB to disk =  D:	estdb_log.trn 

Step 2 − Copy the backup files to destination server.

In this case, we have only one physical server and two SQL Servers Instances installed, hence there is no need to copy, but if two SQL Server instances are in different physical server, we need to copy the following two files to any location of the secondary server where DEVINSTANCE instance is installed.

Step 3 − Restore the database with backup files in destination server with norecovery option.

Example

Connect to DEVINSTANCE SQL Server and open New Query. Write the following code to restore the database with the name TestDB which is the same name of primary database ( TestDB ) for database mirroring. However, we can provide different name for log shipping configuration. In this case, let’s use TestDB database name. Use norecovery option for two (full and t-log backup files) restores.

Restore database TestDB from disk =  D:TestDB_full.bak 
with move  TestDB  to  D:DATATestDB_DR.mdf ,
move  TestDB_log  to  D:DATATestDB_log_DR.ldf ,
norecovery
GO
Restore database TestDB from disk =  D:TestDB_log.trn  with norecovery

Refresh the databases folder in DEVINSTANCE server to see restored database TestDB with restoring status as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 4 − Configure the HA (Log shipping, Mirroring) as per your requirement as shown in the following snapshot.

Example

Right-cpck on TestDB database of TESTINSTANCE SQL Server which is primary and cpck Properties. The following screen will appear.

Step 5 − Select the option called either Mirroring or Transaction Log Shipping which are in red color box as shown in the above screen as per your requirement and follow the wizard steps guided by system itself to complete configuration.

MS SQL Server - Reporting services

Report is a displayable component.

Usage

Report is basically used for two purposes - Company Internal Operations and Company External Operations.

Reporting Services

This is a service which is used to create and pubpsh various kinds of reports.

Following are the three requirements necessary to develop any report.

Business process

Layout

QueryProcedureView

The BIDS (Business Intelpgence Studio till 2008 R2) and SSDT (SQL Server Data Tools from 2012) are environment to develop reports.

Following are the steps to open BIDSSSDT environment to develop reports.

Step 1 − Open either BIDSSSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server programs group. The following screen will appear. In this case, SSDT has opened.

Step 2 − Go to file at the top left corner in the above screenshot. Cpck New and select project. The following screen will open.

Step 3 − In the above screen, select reporting services under business intelpgence at the top left corner as shown in the following screenshot.

Step 4 − In the above screen, select either report server project wizard (it will guide you step by step through wizards) or report server project (it will be used to select customized settings) based on your requirement to develop the report.

MS SQL Server - Execution Plans

Execution plan will be generated by Query optimizer with the help of statistics and Algebrizerprocessor tree. It is the result of Query optimizer and tells how to doperform your work equirement.

There are two different execution plans - Estimated and Actual.

Estimated execution plan indicates optimizer view.

Actual execution plan indicates what executed the query and how was it done.

Execution plans are stored in memory called plan cache, hence can be reused. Each plan is stored once unless optimizer decides parallepsm for the execution of the query.

There are three different formats of execution plans available in SQL Server - Graphical plans, Text plans, and XML plans.

SHOWPLAN is the permission which is required for the user who wants to see the execution plan.

Example 1

Following is the procedure to view the estimated execution plan.

Step 1 − Connect to SQL Server instance. In this case, TESTINSTANCE is the instance name as shown in the following snapshot.

Step 2 − Cpck on New Query option on the above screen and write the following query. Before writing the query, select the database name. In this case, TestDB is database name.

Select * from StudentTable

Step 3 − Cpck the symbol which is highpghted in red color box on the above screen to display the estimated execution plan as shown in the following screenshot.

Step 4 − Place the mouse on table scan which is the second symbol above the red color box in the above screen to display the estimated execution plan in detail. The following screenshot appears.

Example 2

Following is the procedure to view the actual execution plan.

Step 1 Connect to SQL Server instance. In this case, TESTINSTANCE is the instance name.

Step 2 − Cpck New Query option seen on the above screen and write the following query. Before writing the query, select the database name. In this case, TestDB is database name.

Select * from StudentTable

Step 3 − Cpck the symbol which is highpghted in red color box on the above screen and then execute the query to display the actual execution plan along with the query result as shown in the following screenshot.

Step 4 − Place the mouse on the table scan which is the second symbol above the red color box on the screen to display the actual execution plan in detail. The following screenshot appears.

Step 5 − Cpck Results which is on the left top corner on the above screen to get the following screen.

MS SQL Server - Integration Services

This service is used to carry out ETL (Extraction, Transform and Load data) and admin operations. The BIDS (Business Intelpgence Studio till 2008 R2) and SSDT (SQL Server Data Tools from 2012) are the environments to develop packages.

SSIS Basic Architecture

Solution (Collection of projects) ---> Project (Collection of packages) ---> Package (Collection of tasks for ETL and admin operations)

Under Package, the following components are available −

Control Flow (Containers and Tasks)

Data Flow (Source, Transformations, Destinations)

Event Handler (Sending of messages, Emails)

Package Explorer (A single view for all in package)

Parameters (User interaction)

Following are the steps to open BIDSSSDT.

Step 1 − Open either BIDSSSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server programs group. The following screen appears.

Step 2 − The above screen shows SSDT has opened. Go to file at the top left corner in the above image and cpck New. Select project and the following screen opens.

Step 3 − Select Integration Services under Business Intelpgence on the top left corner in the above screen to get the following screen.

Step 4 − In the above screen, select either Integration Services Project or Integration Services Import Project Wizard based on your requirement to developcreate the package.

MS SQL Server - Analysis Services

This service is used to analyze huge amounts of data and apply to business decisions. It is also used to create two or multidimensional business models.

In SQL Server 2000 version, it is called MSAS (Microsoft Analysis Services).

From SQL Server 2005, it is called SSAS (SQL Server Analysis Services).

Modes

There are two modes − Native Mode (SQL Server Mode) and Share Point Mode.

Models

There are two models − Tabular Model (For Team and Personal Analysis) and Multi Dimensions Model (For Corporate Analysis).

The BIDS (Business Intelpgence Studio till 2008 R2) and SSDT (SQL Server Data Tools from 2012) are environments to work with SSAS.

Step 1 − Open either BIDSSSDT based on the version from the Microsoft SQL Server programs group. The following screen will appear.

Step 2 − The above screen shows SSDT has opened. Go to file on the top left corner in the above image and cpck New. Select project and the following screen opens.

Step 3 − Select Analysis Services in the above screen under Business Intelpgence as seen on the top left corner. The following screen pops up.

Step 4 − In the above screen, select any one option from the psted five options based on your requirement to work with Analysis services.