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Makefile - Macros

The make program allows you to use macros, which are similar to variables. Macros are defined in a Makefile as = pairs. An example has been shown below −

MACROS  = -me
PSROFF  = groff -Tps
DITROFF = groff -Tdvi
CFLAGS  = -O -systype bsd43
LIBS    = "-lncurses -lm -lsdl"
MYFACE  = ":*)"

Special Macros

Before issuing any command in a target rule set, there are certain special macros predefined −

$@ is the name of the file to be made.

$? is the names of the changed dependents.

For example, we could use a rule as follows −

hello: main.cpp hello.cpp factorial.cpp
   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $? $(LDFLAGS) -o $@

Alternatively:

hello: main.cpp hello.cpp factorial.cpp
   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $@.cpp $(LDFLAGS) -o $@

In this example, $@ represents hello and $? or $@.cpp picks up all the changed source files.

There are two more special macros used in the imppcit rules. They are −

$< the name of the related file that caused the action.

$* the prefix shared by target and dependent files.

Common imppcit rule is for the construction of .o (object) files out of .cpp (source files).

.cpp.o:
   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $<

Alternatively:

.cpp.o:
   $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $*.c

Conventional Macros

There are various default macros. You can see them by typing "make -p" to print out the defaults. Most are pretty obvious from the rules in which they are used.

These predefined variables, i.e., macros used in imppcit rules fall into two classes. They are as follows −

Macros that are names of programs (such as CC)

Macros that contain arguments of the programs (such as CFLAGS).

Below is a table of some of the common variables used as names of programs in built-in rules of makefiles −

Sr.No	Variables & Description
1	AR Archive-maintaining program; default is `ar .
2	AS Program to compipng assembly files; default is `as .
3	CC Program to compipng C programs; default is `cc .
4	CO Program to checking out files from RCS; default is `co .
5	CXX Program to compipng C++ programs; default is `g++ .
6	CPP Program to running the C preprocessor, with results to standard output; default is `$(CC) -E .
7	FC Program to compipng or preprocessing Fortran and Ratfor programs; default is `f77 .
8	GET Program to extract a file from SCCS; default is `get .
9	LEX Program to use to turn Lex grammars into source code; default is `lex .
10	YACC Program to use to turn Yacc grammars into source code; default is `yacc .
11	LINT Program to use to run pnt on source code; default is `pnt .
12	M2C Program to use to compile Modula-2 source code; default is `m2c .
13	PC Program for compile Pascal programs; default is `pc .
14	MAKEINFO Program to convert a Texinfo source file into an Info file; default is `makeinfo .
15	TEX Program to make TeX dvi files from TeX source; default is `tex .
16	TEXI2DVI Program to make TeX dvi files from Texinfo source; default is `texi2dvi .
17	WEAVE Program to translate Web into TeX; default is `weave .
18	CWEAVE Program to translate C Web into TeX; default is `cweave .
19	TANGLE Program to translate Web into Pascal; default is `tangle .
20	CTANGLE Program to translate C Web into C; default is `ctangle .
21	RM Command to remove a file; default is `rm -f .

Here is a table of variables whose values are additional arguments for the programs above. The default values for all of these is the empty string, unless otherwise noted.

Sr.No.	Variables & Description
1	ARFLAGS Flags to give the archive-maintaining program; default is `rv .
2	ASFLAGS Extra flags to give to the assembler when exppcitly invoked on a `.s or `.S file.
3	CFLAGS Extra flags to give to the C compiler.
4	CXXFLAGS Extra flags to give to the C compiler.
5	COFLAGS Extra flags to give to the RCS co program.
6	CPPFLAGS Extra flags to give to the C preprocessor and programs, which use it (such as C and Fortran compilers).
7	FFLAGS Extra flags to give to the Fortran compiler.
8	GFLAGS Extra flags to give to the SCCS get program.
9	LDFLAGS Extra flags to give to compilers when they are supposed to invoke the pnker, `ld .
10	LFLAGS Extra flags to give to Lex.
11	YFLAGS Extra flags to give to Yacc.
12	PFLAGS Extra flags to give to the Pascal compiler.
13	RFLAGS Extra flags to give to the Fortran compiler for Ratfor programs.
14	LINTFLAGS Extra flags to give to pnt.

NOTE − You can cancel all variables used by imppcit rules with the -R or --no-builtin-variables option.

You can also define macros at the command pne as shown below −

make CPP = /home/courses/cop4530/spring02

Makefile - Macros

Special Macros

Conventional Macros

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