- R - Data Reshaping
- R - Packages
- R - Data Frames
- R - Factors
- R - Arrays
- R - Matrices
- R - Lists
- R - Vectors
- R - Strings
- R - Functions
- R - Loops
- R - Decision Making
- R - Operators
- R - Variables
- R - Data Types
- R - Basic Syntax
- R - Environment Setup
- R - Overview
- R - Home
R Data Interfaces
- R - Database
- R - Web Data
- R - JSON Files
- R - XML Files
- R - Binary Files
- R - Excel Files
- R - CSV Files
R Charts & Graphs
R Statistics Examples
- R - Chi Square Tests
- R - Survival Analysis
- R - Random Forest
- R - Decision Tree
- R - Nonlinear Least Square
- R - Time Series Analysis
- R - Analysis of Covariance
- R - Poisson Regression
- R - Binomial Distribution
- R - Normal Distribution
- R - Logistic Regression
- R - Multiple Regression
- R - Linear Regression
- R - Mean, Median & Mode
R Useful Resources
Selected Reading
- Who is Who
- Computer Glossary
- HR Interview Questions
- Effective Resume Writing
- Questions and Answers
- UPSC IAS Exams Notes
R - Operators
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. R language is rich in built-in operators and provides following types of operators.
Types of Operators
We have the following types of operators in R programming −
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Miscellaneous Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows the arithmetic operators supported by R language. The operators act on each element of the vector.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
+ | Adds two vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v+t) it produces the following result − [1] 10.0 8.5 10.0 |
− | Subtracts second vector from the first |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v-t) it produces the following result − [1] -6.0 2.5 2.0 |
* | Multippes both vectors |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v*t) it produces the following result − [1] 16.0 16.5 24.0 |
/ | Divide the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v/t) When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − [1] 0.250000 1.833333 1.500000 |
%% | Give the remainder of the first vector with the second |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v%%t) it produces the following result − [1] 2.0 2.5 2.0 |
%/% | The result of spanision of first vector with second (quotient) |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v%/%t) it produces the following result − [1] 0 1 1 |
^ | The first vector raised to the exponent of second vector |
v <- c( 2,5.5,6) t <- c(8, 3, 4) print(v^t) it produces the following result − [1] 256.000 166.375 1296.000 |
Relational Operators
Following table shows the relational operators supported by R language. Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
> | Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v>t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE |
< | Checks if each element of the first vector is less than the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v < t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE |
== | Checks if each element of the first vector is equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v == t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE |
<= | Checks if each element of the first vector is less than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v<=t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE |
>= | Checks if each element of the first vector is greater than or equal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v>=t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE |
!= | Checks if each element of the first vector is unequal to the corresponding element of the second vector. |
v <- c(2,5.5,6,9) t <- c(8,2.5,14,9) print(v!=t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE |
Logical Operators
Following table shows the logical operators supported by R language. It is apppcable only to vectors of type logical, numeric or complex. All numbers greater than 1 are considered as logical value TRUE.
Each element of the first vector is compared with the corresponding element of the second vector. The result of comparison is a Boolean value.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
& | It is called Element-wise Logical AND operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if both the elements are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) t <- c(4,1,FALSE,2+3i) print(v&t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE |
| | It is called Element-wise Logical OR operator. It combines each element of the first vector with the corresponding element of the second vector and gives a output TRUE if one the elements is TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(4,0,FALSE,2+3i) print(v|t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE |
! | It is called Logical NOT operator. Takes each element of the vector and gives the opposite logical value. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) print(!v) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE |
The logical operator && and || considers only the first element of the vectors and give a vector of single element as output.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
&& | Called Logical AND operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE only if both are TRUE. |
v <- c(3,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(1,3,TRUE,2+3i) print(v&&t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE |
|| | Called Logical OR operator. Takes first element of both the vectors and gives the TRUE if one of them is TRUE. |
v <- c(0,0,TRUE,2+2i) t <- c(0,3,TRUE,2+3i) print(v||t) it produces the following result − [1] FALSE |
Assignment Operators
These operators are used to assign values to vectors.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
<− or = or <<− |
Called Left Assignment |
v1 <- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) v2 <<- c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) v3 = c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) print(v1) print(v2) print(v3) it produces the following result − [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i |
-> or ->> |
Called Right Assignment |
c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) -> v1 c(3,1,TRUE,2+3i) ->> v2 print(v1) print(v2) it produces the following result − [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i [1] 3+0i 1+0i 1+0i 2+3i |
Miscellaneous Operators
These operators are used to for specific purpose and not general mathematical or logical computation.
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
: | Colon operator. It creates the series of numbers in sequence for a vector. |
v <- 2:8 print(v) it produces the following result − [1] 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
%in% | This operator is used to identify if an element belongs to a vector. |
v1 <- 8 v2 <- 12 t <- 1:10 print(v1 %in% t) print(v2 %in% t) it produces the following result − [1] TRUE [1] FALSE |
%*% | This operator is used to multiply a matrix with its transpose. |
M = matrix( c(2,6,5,1,10,4), nrow = 2,ncol = 3,byrow = TRUE) t = M %*% t(M) print(t) it produces the following result − [,1] [,2] [1,] 65 82 [2,] 82 117 |