SAP ABAP - Constants & Literals

Literals are unnamed data objects that you create within the source code of a program. They are fully defined by their value. You can’t change the value of a pteral. Constants are named data objects created statically by using declarative statements. A constant is declared by assigning a value to it that is stored in the program s memory area. The value assigned to a constant can’t be changed during the execution of the program. These fixed values can also be considered as pterals. There are two types of pterals − numeric and character.

Numeric Literals

Number pterals are sequences of digits which can have a prefixed sign. In number pterals, there are no decimal separators and no notation with mantissa and exponent.

Following are some examples of numeric pterals −

183. 
-97. 
+326.

Character Literals

Character pterals are sequences of alphanumeric characters in the source code of an ABAP program enclosed in single quotation marks. Character pterals enclosed in quotation marks have the predefined ABAP type C and are described as text field pterals. Literals enclosed in “back quotes” have the ABAP type STRING and are described as string pterals. The field length is defined by the number of characters.

Note − In text field pterals, traipng blanks are ignored, but in string pterals they are taken into account.

Following are some examples of character pterals.

Text field pterals

REPORT YR_SEP_12. 
Write  Tutorials Point . 
Write /  ABAP Tutorial .  

String field pterals

REPORT YR_SEP_12. 
Write `Tutorials Point `. 
Write / `ABAP Tutorial `. 

The output is same in both the above cases −

Tutorials Point  
ABAP Tutorial

Note − When we try to change the value of the constant, a syntax or run-time error may occur. Constants that you declare in the declaration part of a class or an interface belong to the static attributes of that class or interface.

CONSTANTS Statement

We can declare the named data objects with the help of CONSTANTS statement.

Following is the syntax −

CONSTANTS <f> TYPE <type> VALUE <val>.

The CONSTANTS statement is similar to the DATA statement.

<f> specifies a name for the constant. TYPE <type> represents a constant named <f>, which inherits the same technical attributes as the existing data type <type>. VALUE <val> assigns an initial value to the declared constant name <f>.

Note − We should use the VALUE clause in the CONSTANTS statement. The clause ‘VALUE’ is used to assign an initial value to the constant during its declaration.

We have 3 types of constants such as elementary, complex and reference constants. The following statement shows how to define constants by using the CONSTANTS statement −

REPORT YR_SEP_12. 
CONSTANTS PQR TYPE P DECIMALS 4 VALUE  1.2356 . 
Write: /  The value of PQR is: , PQR.

The output is −

The value of PQR is: 1.2356

Here it refers to elementary data type and is known as elementary constant.

Following is an example for complex constants −

BEGIN OF EMPLOYEE,  
Name(25) TYPE C VALUE  Management Team ,  
Organization(40) TYPE C VALUE  Tutorials Point Ltd ,  
Place(10) TYPE C VALUE  India ,  
END OF EMPLOYEE.

In the above code snippet, EMPLOYEE is a complex constant that is composed of the Name, Organization and Place fields.

The following statement declares a constant reference −

CONSTANTS null_pointer TYPE REF TO object VALUE IS INITIAL.

We can use the constant reference in comparisons or we may pass it on to procedures.