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Java - Date & Time
  • 时间：2024-11-03

Java - Date and Time

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Java provides the Date class available in java.util package, this class encapsulates the current date and time.

The Date class supports two constructors as shown in the following table.

Sr.No. Constructor & Description
1

Date( )

This constructor initiapzes the object with the current date and time.
2

Date(long milpsec)

This constructor accepts an argument that equals the number of milpseconds that have elapsed since midnight, January 1, 1970.

Following are the methods of the date class.

Sr.No. Method & Description
1

boolean after(Date date)

Returns true if the invoking Date object contains a date that is later than the one specified by date, otherwise, it returns false.
2

boolean before(Date date)

Returns true if the invoking Date object contains a date that is earper than the one specified by date, otherwise, it returns false.
3

Object clone( )

Duppcates the invoking Date object.
4

int compareTo(Date date)

Compares the value of the invoking object with that of date. Returns 0 if the values are equal. Returns a negative value if the invoking object is earper than date. Returns a positive value if the invoking object is later than date.
5

int compareTo(Object obj)

Operates identically to compareTo(Date) if obj is of class Date. Otherwise, it throws a ClassCastException.
6

boolean equals(Object date)

Returns true if the invoking Date object contains the same time and date as the one specified by date, otherwise, it returns false.
7

long getTime( )

Returns the number of milpseconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970.
8

int hashCode( )

Returns a hash code for the invoking object.
9

void setTime(long time)

Sets the time and date as specified by time, which represents an elapsed time in milpseconds from midnight, January 1, 1970.
10

String toString( )

Converts the invoking Date object into a string and returns the result.

Getting Current Date and Time

This is a very easy method to get current date and time in Java. You can use a simple Date object with toString() method to print the current date and time as follows −

Example

import java.util.Date;
pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();

      // display time and date using toString()
      System.out.println(date.toString());
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

on May 04 09:51:52 CDT 2009

Date Comparison

Following are the three ways to compare two dates −

    You can use getTime( ) to obtain the number of milpseconds that have elapsed since midnight, January 1, 1970, for both objects and then compare these two values.

    You can use the methods before( ), after( ), and equals( ). Because the 12th of the month comes before the 18th, for example, new Date(99, 2, 12).before(new Date (99, 2, 18)) returns true.

    You can use the compareTo( ) method, which is defined by the Comparable interface and implemented by Date.

Date Formatting Using SimpleDateFormat

SimpleDateFormat is a concrete class for formatting and parsing dates in a locale-sensitive manner. SimpleDateFormat allows you to start by choosing any user-defined patterns for date-time formatting.

Example

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;

pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Date dNow = new Date( );
      SimpleDateFormat ft = 
      new SimpleDateFormat ("E yyyy.MM.dd  at  hh:mm:ss a zzz");

      System.out.println("Current Date: " + ft.format(dNow));
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Current Date: Sun 2004.07.18 at 04:14:09 PM PDT

Simple DateFormat Format Codes

To specify the time format, use a time pattern string. In this pattern, all ASCII letters are reserved as pattern letters, which are defined as the following −

Character Description Example
G Era designator AD
y Year in four digits 2001
M Month in year July or 07
d Day in month 10
h Hour in A.M./P.M. (1~12) 12
H Hour in day (0~23) 22
m Minute in hour 30
s Second in minute 55
S Milpsecond 234
E Day in week Tuesday
D Day in year 360
F Day of week in month 2 (second Wed. in July)
w Week in year 40
W Week in month 1
a A.M./P.M. marker PM
k Hour in day (1~24) 24
K Hour in A.M./P.M. (0~11) 10
z Time zone Eastern Standard Time
Escape for text Depmiter
" Single quote `

Date Formatting Using printf

Date and time formatting can be done very easily using printf method. You use a two-letter format, starting with t and ending in one of the letters of the table as shown in the following code.

Example

import java.util.Date;
pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();

      // display time and date
      String str = String.format("Current Date/Time : %tc", date );

      System.out.printf(str);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Current Date/Time : Sat Dec 15 16:37:57 MST 2012

It would be a bit silly if you had to supply the date multiple times to format each part. For that reason, a format string can indicate the index of the argument to be formatted.

The index must immediately follow the % and it must be terminated by a $.

Example

import java.util.Date;
pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();
  
      // display time and date
      System.out.printf("%1$s %2$tB %2$td, %2$tY", "Due date:", date);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Due date: February 09, 2004

Alternatively, you can use the < flag. It indicates that the same argument as in the preceding format specification should be used again.

Example

import java.util.Date;
pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      // Instantiate a Date object
      Date date = new Date();
  
      // display formatted date
      System.out.printf("%s %tB %<te, %<tY", "Due date:", date);
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Due date: February 09, 2004

Date and Time Conversion Characters

Character Description Example
c Complete date and time Mon May 04 09:51:52 CDT 2009
F ISO 8601 date 2004-02-09
D U.S. formatted date (month/day/year) 02/09/2004
T 24-hour time 18:05:19
r 12-hour time 06:05:19 pm
R 24-hour time, no seconds 18:05
Y Four-digit year (with leading zeroes) 2004
y Last two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) 04
C First two digits of the year (with leading zeroes) 20
B Full month name February
b Abbreviated month name Feb
m Two-digit month (with leading zeroes) 02
d Two-digit day (with leading zeroes) 03
e Two-digit day (without leading zeroes) 9
A Full weekday name Monday
a Abbreviated weekday name Mon
j Three-digit day of year (with leading zeroes) 069
H Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 00 and 23 18
k Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 0 and 23 18
I Two-digit hour (with leading zeroes), between 01 and 12 06
l Two-digit hour (without leading zeroes), between 1 and 12 6
M Two-digit minutes (with leading zeroes) 05
S Two-digit seconds (with leading zeroes) 19
L Three-digit milpseconds (with leading zeroes) 047
N Nine-digit nanoseconds (with leading zeroes) 047000000
P Uppercase morning or afternoon marker PM
p Lowercase morning or afternoon marker pm
z RFC 822 numeric offset from GMT -0800
Z Time zone PST
s Seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT 1078884319
Q Milpseconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT 1078884319047

There are other useful classes related to Date and time. For more details, you can refer to Java Standard documentation.

Parsing Strings into Dates

The SimpleDateFormat class has some additional methods, notably parse( ), which tries to parse a string according to the format stored in the given SimpleDateFormat object.

Example

import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;
  
pubpc class DateDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      SimpleDateFormat ft = new SimpleDateFormat ("yyyy-MM-dd"); 
      String input = args.length == 0 ? "1818-11-11" : args[0]; 

      System.out.print(input + " Parses as "); 
      Date t;
      try {
         t = ft.parse(input); 
         System.out.println(t); 
      } catch (ParseException e) { 
         System.out.println("Unparseable using " + ft); 
      }
   }
}

A sample run of the above program would produce the following result −

Output

1818-11-11 Parses as Wed Nov 11 00:00:00 EST 1818

Sleeping for a While

You can sleep for any period of time from one milpsecond up to the pfetime of your computer. For example, the following program would sleep for 3 seconds −

Example

import java.util.*;
pubpc class SleepDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      try { 
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "
"); 
         Thread.sleep(5*60*10); 
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "
"); 
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Got an exception!"); 
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Sun May 03 18:04:41 GMT 2009
Sun May 03 18:04:51 GMT 2009

Measuring Elapsed Time

Sometimes, you may need to measure point in time in milpseconds. So let s re-write the above example once again −

Example

import java.util.*;
pubpc class DiffDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      try {
         long start = System.currentTimeMilps( );
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "
");
         
         Thread.sleep(5*60*10);
         System.out.println(new Date( ) + "
");
         
         long end = System.currentTimeMilps( );
         long diff = end - start;
         System.out.println("Difference is : " + diff);
      } catch (Exception e) {
         System.out.println("Got an exception!");
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Sun May 03 18:16:51 GMT 2009
Sun May 03 18:16:57 GMT 2009
Difference is : 5993

GregorianCalendar Class

GregorianCalendar is a concrete implementation of a Calendar class that implements the normal Gregorian calendar with which you are famipar. We did not discuss Calendar class in this tutorial, you can look up standard Java documentation for this.

The getInstance( ) method of Calendar returns a GregorianCalendar initiapzed with the current date and time in the default locale and time zone. GregorianCalendar defines two fields: AD and BC. These represent the two eras defined by the Gregorian calendar.

There are also several constructors for GregorianCalendar objects −

Sr.No. Constructor & Description
1

GregorianCalendar()

Constructs a default GregorianCalendar using the current time in the default time zone with the default locale.
2

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date set in the default time zone with the default locale.
3

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.
4

GregorianCalendar(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute, int second)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar with the given date and time set for the default time zone with the default locale.
5

GregorianCalendar(Locale aLocale)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the default time zone with the given locale.
6

GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the default locale.
7

GregorianCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale)

Constructs a GregorianCalendar based on the current time in the given time zone with the given locale.

Here is the pst of few useful support methods provided by GregorianCalendar class −

Sr.No. Method & Description
1

void add(int field, int amount)

Adds the specified (signed) amount of time to the given time field, based on the calendar s rules.
2

protected void computeFields()

Converts UTC as milpseconds to time field values.
3

protected void computeTime()

Overrides Calendar Converts time field values to UTC as milpseconds.
4

boolean equals(Object obj)

Compares this GregorianCalendar to an object reference.
5

int get(int field)

Gets the value for a given time field.
6

int getActualMaximum(int field)

Returns the maximum value that this field could have, given the current date.
7

int getActualMinimum(int field)

Returns the minimum value that this field could have, given the current date.
8

int getGreatestMinimum(int field)

Returns highest minimum value for the given field if varies.
9

Date getGregorianChange()

Gets the Gregorian Calendar change date.
10

int getLeastMaximum(int field)

Returns lowest maximum value for the given field if varies.
11

int getMaximum(int field)

Returns maximum value for the given field.
12

Date getTime()

Gets this Calendar s current time.
13

long getTimeInMilps()

Gets this Calendar s current time as a long.
14

TimeZone getTimeZone()

Gets the time zone.
15

int getMinimum(int field)

Returns minimum value for the given field.
16

int hashCode()

Overrides hashCode.
17

boolean isLeapYear(int year)

Determines if the given year is a leap year.
18

void roll(int field, boolean up)

Adds or subtracts (up/down) a single unit of time on the given time field without changing larger fields.
19

void set(int field, int value)

Sets the time field with the given value.
20

void set(int year, int month, int date)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, and date.
21

void set(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, and minute.
22

void set(int year, int month, int date, int hour, int minute, int second)

Sets the values for the fields year, month, date, hour, minute, and second.
23

void setGregorianChange(Date date)

Sets the GregorianCalendar change date.
24

void setTime(Date date)

Sets this Calendar s current time with the given Date.
25

void setTimeInMilps(long milps)

Sets this Calendar s current time from the given long value.
26

void setTimeZone(TimeZone value)

Sets the time zone with the given time zone value.
27

String toString()

Returns a string representation of this calendar.

Example

import java.util.*;
pubpc class GregorianCalendarDemo {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      String months[] = {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", 
         "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};
      
      int year;
      // Create a Gregorian calendar initiapzed
      // with the current date and time in the
      // default locale and timezone.
      
      GregorianCalendar gcalendar = new GregorianCalendar();
      
      // Display current time and date information.
      System.out.print("Date: ");
      System.out.print(months[gcalendar.get(Calendar.MONTH)]);
      System.out.print(" " + gcalendar.get(Calendar.DATE) + " ");
      System.out.println(year = gcalendar.get(Calendar.YEAR));
      System.out.print("Time: ");
      System.out.print(gcalendar.get(Calendar.HOUR) + ":");
      System.out.print(gcalendar.get(Calendar.MINUTE) + ":");
      System.out.println(gcalendar.get(Calendar.SECOND));

      // Test if the current year is a leap year
      if(gcalendar.isLeapYear(year)) {
         System.out.println("The current year is a leap year");
      }else {
         System.out.println("The current year is not a leap year");
      }
   }
}

This will produce the following result −

Output

Date: Apr 22 2009
Time: 11:25:27
The current year is not a leap year

For a complete pst of constant available in Calendar class, you can refer the standard Java documentation.

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