import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      System.out.println("Using Java 7: ");
		
      // Count empty strings
      List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
      long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
      count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);
		
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      //Epminate empty string
      List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      //Epminate empty string and join using comma.
      String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
      List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
		
      //get pst of square of distinct numbers
      List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);
		
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers));
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers));
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers));
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers));
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      //print ten random numbers
      Random random = new Random();
		
      for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         System.out.println(random.nextInt());
      }
		
      System.out.println("Using Java 8: ");
      System.out.println("List: " +strings);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
		
      count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();
      System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count);
		
      filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered);
		
      mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
      System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString);
		
      squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      System.out.println("List: " +integers);
		
      IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();
		
      System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax());
      System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin());
      System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum());
      System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage());
      System.out.println("Random Numbers: ");
		
      random.ints().pmit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
		
      //parallel processing
      count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count);
   }
	
   private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;

      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.isEmpty()) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      int count = 0;
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(string.length() == 3) {
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
	
   private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings) {
      List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
             filteredList.add(string);
         }
      }
      return filteredList;
   }
	
   private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator) {
      StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
		
      for(String string: strings) {
		
         if(!string.isEmpty()) {
            stringBuilder.append(string);
            stringBuilder.append(separator);
         }
      }
      String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
      return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
   }
	
   private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers) {
      List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
		
      for(Integer number: numbers) {
         Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());
			
         if(!squaresList.contains(square)) {
            squaresList.add(square);
         }
      }
      return squaresList;
   }
	
   private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int max = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
		
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
			
         if(number.intValue() > max) {
            max = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return max;
   }
	
   private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers) {
      int min = numbers.get(0);
		
      for(int i= 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
		
         if(number.intValue() < min) {
            min = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return min;
   }
	
   private static int getSum(List numbers) {
      int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));
		
      for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) {
         sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
      }
      return sum;
   }
	
   private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers) {
      return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
   }
}

Verify the Result

Compile the class using javac compiler as follows −

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

Now run the Java8Tester as follows −

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

It should produce the following result −

Using Java 7:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9
Random Numbers:
-1279735475
903418352
-1133928044
-1571118911
628530462
18407523
-881538250
-718932165
270259229
421676854
Using Java 8:
List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl]
Empty Strings: 2
Strings of length 3: 3
Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl]
Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl
Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25]
List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19]
Highest number in List : 19
Lowest number in List : 1
Sum of all numbers : 85
Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445
Random Numbers:
-1009474951
-551240647
-2484714
181614550
933444268
1227850416
1579250773
1627454872
1683033687
1798939493
Empty Strings: 2

Java 8 - Optional Class

Optional is a container object used to contain not-null objects. Optional object is used to represent null with absent value. This class has various utipty methods to faciptate code to handle values as ‘available’ or ‘not available’ instead of checking null values. It is introduced in Java 8 and is similar to what Optional is in Guava.

Class Declaration

Following is the declaration for java.util.Optional<T> class −

pubpc final class Optional<T> extends Object

Class Method

This class inherits methods from the following class −

java.lang.Object

Optional Example

Create the following Java program using any editor of your choice in, say, C:> JAVA.

Java8Tester.java

import java.util.Optional;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8Tester = new Java8Tester();
      Integer value1 = null;
      Integer value2 = new Integer(10);
		
      //Optional.ofNullable - allows passed parameter to be null.
      Optional<Integer> a = Optional.ofNullable(value1);
		
      //Optional.of - throws NullPointerException if passed parameter is null
      Optional<Integer> b = Optional.of(value2);
      System.out.println(java8Tester.sum(a,b));
   }
	
   pubpc Integer sum(Optional<Integer> a, Optional<Integer> b) {
      //Optional.isPresent - checks the value is present or not
		
      System.out.println("First parameter is present: " + a.isPresent());
      System.out.println("Second parameter is present: " + b.isPresent());
		
      //Optional.orElse - returns the value if present otherwise returns
      //the default value passed.
      Integer value1 = a.orElse(new Integer(0));
		
      //Optional.get - gets the value, value should be present
      Integer value2 = b.get();
      return value1 + value2;
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

First parameter is present: false
Second parameter is present: true
10

print( Hello World! );

C:JAVA>jjs sample.js

Hello World!

C:JAVA>jjs
jjs> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
jjs> quit()
>>

C:JAVA> jjs -- a b c
jjs> print( letters:   +arguments.join(", "))
letters: a, b, c
jjs>

import javax.script.ScriptEngineManager;
import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
import javax.script.ScriptException;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      ScriptEngineManager scriptEngineManager = new ScriptEngineManager();
      ScriptEngine nashorn = scriptEngineManager.getEngineByName("nashorn");
		
      String name = "Mahesh";
      Integer result = null;
      
      try {
         nashorn.eval("print( " + name + " )");
         result = (Integer) nashorn.eval("10 + 2");
         
      } catch(ScriptException e) {
         System.out.println("Error executing script: "+ e.getMessage());
      }
      System.out.println(result.toString());
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Mahesh
12

var BigDecimal = Java.type( java.math.BigDecimal );

function calculate(amount, percentage) {

   var result = new BigDecimal(amount).multiply(new BigDecimal(percentage)).spanide(
      new BigDecimal("100"), 2, BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN);
   
   return result.toPlainString();
}
var result = calculate(568000000000000000023,13.9);
print(result);

C:JAVA>jjs sample.js

78952000000000000003.20

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.Month;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testLocalDateTime();
   }
	
   pubpc void testLocalDateTime() {
      // Get the current date and time
      LocalDateTime currentTime = LocalDateTime.now();
      System.out.println("Current DateTime: " + currentTime);
		
      LocalDate date1 = currentTime.toLocalDate();
      System.out.println("date1: " + date1);
		
      Month month = currentTime.getMonth();
      int day = currentTime.getDayOfMonth();
      int seconds = currentTime.getSecond();
		
      System.out.println("Month: " + month +"day: " + day +"seconds: " + seconds);
		
      LocalDateTime date2 = currentTime.withDayOfMonth(10).withYear(2012);
      System.out.println("date2: " + date2);
		
      //12 december 2014
      LocalDate date3 = LocalDate.of(2014, Month.DECEMBER, 12);
      System.out.println("date3: " + date3);
		
      //22 hour 15 minutes
      LocalTime date4 = LocalTime.of(22, 15);
      System.out.println("date4: " + date4);
		
      //parse a string
      LocalTime date5 = LocalTime.parse("20:15:30");
      System.out.println("date5: " + date5);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Current DateTime: 2014-12-09T11:00:45.457
date1: 2014-12-09
Month: DECEMBERday: 9seconds: 45
date2: 2012-12-10T11:00:45.457
date3: 2014-12-12
date4: 22:15
date5: 20:15:30

import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
import java.time.ZoneId;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testZonedDateTime();
   }
	
   pubpc void testZonedDateTime() {
      // Get the current date and time
      ZonedDateTime date1 = ZonedDateTime.parse("2007-12-03T10:15:30+05:30[Asia/Karachi]");
      System.out.println("date1: " + date1);
		
      ZoneId id = ZoneId.of("Europe/Paris");
      System.out.println("ZoneId: " + id);
		
      ZoneId currentZone = ZoneId.systemDefault();
      System.out.println("CurrentZone: " + currentZone);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

date1: 2007-12-03T10:15:30+05:00[Asia/Karachi]
ZoneId: Europe/Paris
CurrentZone: Etc/UTC

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testChromoUnits();
   }
	
   pubpc void testChromoUnits() {
      //Get the current date
      LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
      System.out.println("Current date: " + today);
		
      //add 1 week to the current date
      LocalDate nextWeek = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.WEEKS);
      System.out.println("Next week: " + nextWeek);
		
      //add 1 month to the current date
      LocalDate nextMonth = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.MONTHS);
      System.out.println("Next month: " + nextMonth);
		
      //add 1 year to the current date
      LocalDate nextYear = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.YEARS);
      System.out.println("Next year: " + nextYear);
		
      //add 10 years to the current date
      LocalDate nextDecade = today.plus(1, ChronoUnit.DECADES);
      System.out.println("Date after ten year: " + nextDecade);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Current date: 2014-12-10
Next week: 2014-12-17
Next month: 2015-01-10
Next year: 2015-12-10
Date after ten year: 2024-12-10

import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.time.Period;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testPeriod();
      java8tester.testDuration();
   }
	
   pubpc void testPeriod() {
      //Get the current date
      LocalDate date1 = LocalDate.now();
      System.out.println("Current date: " + date1);
		
      //add 1 month to the current date
      LocalDate date2 = date1.plus(1, ChronoUnit.MONTHS);
      System.out.println("Next month: " + date2);
      
      Period period = Period.between(date2, date1);
      System.out.println("Period: " + period);
   }
	
   pubpc void testDuration() {
      LocalTime time1 = LocalTime.now();
      Duration twoHours = Duration.ofHours(2);
		
      LocalTime time2 = time1.plus(twoHours);
      Duration duration = Duration.between(time1, time2);
		
      System.out.println("Duration: " + duration);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Current date: 2014-12-10
Next month: 2015-01-10
Period: P-1M
Duration: PT2H

import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.temporal.TemporalAdjusters;
import java.time.DayOfWeek;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testAdjusters();
   }
	
   pubpc void testAdjusters() {
      //Get the current date
      LocalDate date1 = LocalDate.now();
      System.out.println("Current date: " + date1);
		
      //get the next tuesday
      LocalDate nextTuesday = date1.with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.TUESDAY));
      System.out.println("Next Tuesday on : " + nextTuesday);
		
      //get the second saturday of next month
      LocalDate firstInYear = LocalDate.of(date1.getYear(),date1.getMonth(), 1);
      LocalDate secondSaturday = firstInYear.with(TemporalAdjusters.nextOrSame(
         DayOfWeek.SATURDAY)).with(TemporalAdjusters.next(DayOfWeek.SATURDAY));
      System.out.println("Second Saturday on : " + secondSaturday);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Current date: 2014-12-10
Next Tuesday on : 2014-12-16
Second Saturday on : 2014-12-13

import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.ZonedDateTime;

import java.util.Date;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.time.ZoneId;

pubpc class Java8Tester {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {
      Java8Tester java8tester = new Java8Tester();
      java8tester.testBackwardCompatabipty();
   }
	
   pubpc void testBackwardCompatabipty() {
      //Get the current date
      Date currentDate = new Date();
      System.out.println("Current date: " + currentDate);
		
      //Get the instant of current date in terms of milpseconds
      Instant now = currentDate.toInstant();
      ZoneId currentZone = ZoneId.systemDefault();
		
      LocalDateTime localDateTime = LocalDateTime.ofInstant(now, currentZone);
      System.out.println("Local date: " + localDateTime);
		
      ZonedDateTime zonedDateTime = ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(now, currentZone);
      System.out.println("Zoned date: " + zonedDateTime);
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Current date: Wed Dec 10 05:44:06 UTC 2014
Local date: 2014-12-10T05:44:06.635
Zoned date: 2014-12-10T05:44:06.635Z[Etc/UTC]

import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.UUID;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

pubpc class HelloWorld {

   pubpc static void main(String args[]) {

      try {
		
         // Encode using basic encoder
         String base64encodedString = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(
            "TutorialsPoint?java8".getBytes("utf-8"));
         System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (Basic) :" + base64encodedString);
		
         // Decode
         byte[] base64decodedBytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(base64encodedString);
		
         System.out.println("Original String: " + new String(base64decodedBytes, "utf-8"));
         base64encodedString = Base64.getUrlEncoder().encodeToString(
            "TutorialsPoint?java8".getBytes("utf-8"));
         System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (URL) :" + base64encodedString);
		
         StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
		
         for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
            stringBuilder.append(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
         }
		
         byte[] mimeBytes = stringBuilder.toString().getBytes("utf-8");
         String mimeEncodedString = Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(mimeBytes);
         System.out.println("Base64 Encoded String (MIME) :" + mimeEncodedString);

      } catch(UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
         System.out.println("Error :" + e.getMessage());
      }
   }
}

C:JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java

C:JAVA>java Java8Tester

Base64 Encoded String (Basic) :VHV0b3JpYWxzUG9pbnQ/amF2YTg=
Original String: TutorialsPoint?java8
Base64 Encoded String (URL) :VHV0b3JpYWxzUG9pbnQ_amF2YTg=
Base64 Encoded String (MIME) :YmU3NWY2ODktNGM5YS00ODlmLWI2MTUtZTVkOTk2YzQ1Njk1Y2EwZTg2OTEtMmRiZC00YTQ1LWJl
NTctMTI1MWUwMTk0ZWQyNDE0NDAwYjgtYTYxOS00NDY5LTllYTctNjc1YzE3YWJhZTk1MTQ2MDQz
NDItOTAyOC00ZWI0LThlOTYtZWU5YzcwNWQyYzVhMTQxMWRjYTMtY2MwNi00MzU0LTg0MTgtNGQ1
MDkwYjdiMzg2ZTY0OWU5MmUtZmNkYS00YWEwLTg0MjQtYThiOTQxNDQ2YzhhNTVhYWExZjItNjU2
Mi00YmM4LTk2ZGYtMDE4YmY5ZDZhMjkwMzM3MWUzNDMtMmQ3MS00MDczLWI0Y2UtMTQxODE0MGU5
YjdmYTVlODUxYzItN2NmOS00N2UyLWIyODQtMThlMWVkYTY4M2Q1YjE3YTMyYmItZjllMS00MTFk
LWJiM2UtM2JhYzUxYzI5OWI4