Fortran - Modules

A module is pke a package where you can keep your functions and subroutines, in case you are writing a very big program, or your functions or subroutines can be used in more than one program.

Modules provide you a way of spptting your programs between multiple files.

Modules are used for −

Packaging subprograms, data and interface blocks.

Defining global data that can be used by more than one routine.

Declaring variables that can be made available within any routines you choose.

Importing a module entirely, for use, into another program or subroutine.

Syntax of a Module

A module consists of two parts −

a specification part for statements declaration

a contains part for subroutine and function definitions

The general form of a module is −

module name     
   [statement declarations]  
   [contains [subroutine and function definitions] ] 
end module [name]

Using a Module into your Program

You can incorporate a module in a program or subroutine by the use statement −

use name  

Please note that

You can add as many modules as needed, each will be in separate files and compiled separately.

A module can be used in various different programs.

A module can be used many times in the same program.

The variables declared in a module specification part, are global to the module.

The variables declared in a module become global variables in any program or routine where the module is used.

The use statement can appear in the main program, or any other subroutine or module which uses the routines or variables declared in a particular module.

Example

The following example demonstrates the concept −

module constants  
imppcit none 

   real, parameter :: pi = 3.1415926536  
   real, parameter :: e = 2.7182818285 
   
contains      
   subroutine show_consts()          
      print*, "Pi = ", pi          
      print*,  "e = ", e     
   end subroutine show_consts 
   
end module constants 


program module_example     
use constants      
imppcit none     

   real :: x, ePowerx, area, radius 
   x = 2.0
   radius = 7.0
   ePowerx = e ** x
   area = pi * radius**2     
   
   call show_consts() 
   
   print*, "e raised to the power of 2.0 = ", ePowerx
   print*, "Area of a circle with radius 7.0 = ", area  
   
end program module_example

Pi = 3.14159274    
e =  2.71828175    
e raised to the power of 2.0 = 7.38905573    
Area of a circle with radius 7.0 = 153.938049   

module constants  
imppcit none 

   real, parameter,private :: pi = 3.1415926536  
   real, parameter, private :: e = 2.7182818285 
   
contains      
   subroutine show_consts()          
      print*, "Pi = ", pi          
      print*, "e = ", e     
   end subroutine show_consts 
   
end module constants 


program module_example     
use constants      
imppcit none     

   real :: x, ePowerx, area, radius 
   x = 2.0
   radius = 7.0
   ePowerx = e ** x
   area = pi * radius**2     
   
   call show_consts() 
   
   print*, "e raised to the power of 2.0 = ", ePowerx
   print*, "Area of a circle with radius 7.0 = ", area  
   
end program module_example

   ePowerx = e ** x
   1
Error: Symbol  e  at (1) has no IMPLICIT type
main.f95:19.13:

   area = pi * radius**2     
   1
Error: Symbol  pi  at (1) has no IMPLICIT type

module constants  
imppcit none 

   real, parameter,private :: pi = 3.1415926536  
   real, parameter, private :: e = 2.7182818285 
   
contains      
   subroutine show_consts()          
      print*, "Pi = ", pi          
      print*, "e = ", e     
   end subroutine show_consts 
   
   function ePowerx(x)result(ePx) 
   imppcit none
      real::x
      real::ePx
      ePx = e ** x
   end function ePowerx
    
   function areaCircle(r)result(a)  
   imppcit none
      real::r
      real::a
      a = pi * r**2  
   end function areaCircle
    
end module constants 


program module_example     
use constants      
imppcit none     

   call show_consts() 
   
   Print*, "e raised to the power of 2.0 = ", ePowerx(2.0)
   print*, "Area of a circle with radius 7.0 = ", areaCircle(7.0)  
   
end program module_example

Pi = 3.14159274    
e = 2.71828175    
e raised to the power of 2.0 = 7.38905573    
Area of a circle with radius 7.0 = 153.938049