Angular 6 - Overview

There are five major releases of Angular. The first version that was released is Angular 1, which is also called AngularJS. Angular 1 was followed by Angular 2, which came in with a lot of changes when compared to Angular 1.

The structure of Angular is based on the components/services architecture. AngularJS was based on the model view controller. Angular 6 released in May 2018 proves to be a major breakthrough and is the latest release from the Angular team after Angular 5.

Angular 6 is almost the same as Angular 5. It has a backward compatibipty with Angular 5. Projects developed in Angular 5 will work without any issues with Angular 5.

Let us now see the new features and the changes made in Angular 5.

Angular 5 and its Features

Angular 5 was released in Nov 2017. As per its goal of speed and size, It was way faster and of smaller size than that of Angular 4. Following are the features that were introduced in Angular 5.

HTTPCpent API − HTTPCpent API was introduced to deprecate the HTTP pbrary. HTTPCpent API is much faster, secure and efficient than HTTP pbrary.

Multiple export apases − A component can be exported using multiple apases to ease the migration process.

Internationapzed Pipes for Number, Date, and Currency − New pipes are introduced for better standardization.

Lambda support − lambda expressions with proper names can be used instead of functions.

Build Optimizer - Build Optimizer introduced. It optimizes the build size and improves the apppcation speed. Angular CLI uses Build Optimizer automatically.

Improved Compiler − Compiler from Angular 5 onwards supports incremental compilation leading for faster compilation. Compiler uses TypeScript transforms, a new feature of TypeScript 2.3 available onwards.

Let us now see the new features added to Angular 6 −

Updated Angular CLI, Command Line interface − New commands added, pke ng-update to migrate from previous version to current version. ng-add to quickly add apppcation features to make apppcation a progressive web apps.

Updated CDK, Component Development Kit − Supports creating custom UI elements without need of angular material pbrary. Supports responsive web design layouts. Supports overlay packages to create pop-ups.

Updated Angular Material − New Tree component added, mat-tree, a styled version and cdk-tree, a unstyled version, to represent a hierarchical structure pke tree.

Usage of RxJS, a reactive JS pbrary

Angular Element − Allows Angular Components to be pubpshed as Web Components which can then be used in any HTML page. Using Angular Element package, native custom elements can be created easily.

Multiple Vapdators − Allows multiple vapdators to be apppcable on a form builder.

Tree Shaking on Services − Now tree shaking can be appped on services as well to remove the dead code.

Angular 6 - Environment Setup

In this chapter, we will discuss the Environment Setup required for Angular 6. To install Angular 6, we require the following −

Nodejs

Npm

Angular CLI

IDE for writing your code

Nodejs has to be greater than 8.11 and npm has to be greater than 5.6.

Nodejs

To check if nodejs is installed on your system, type node -v in the terminal. This will help you see the version of nodejs currently installed on your system.

C:>node -v
v8.11.3

If it does not print anything, install nodejs on your system. To install nodejs, go the homepage https://nodejs.org/en/download/ of nodejs and install the package based on your OS.

The homepage of nodejs will look pke the following −

Based on your OS, install the required package. Once nodejs is installed, npm will also get installed along with it. To check if npm is installed or not, type npm -v in the terminal. It should display the version of the npm.

C:>npm -v
5.6.0

Angular 4 installations are very simple with the help of angular CLI. Visit the homepage https://cp.angular.io/ of angular to get the reference of the command.

Type npm install -g @angular/cp, to install angular cp on your system.

You will get the above installation in your terminal, once Angular CLI is installed. You can use any IDE of your choice, i.e., WebStorm, Atom, Visual Studio Code, etc.

The details of the project setup is explained in the next chapter.

Angular 6 - Project Setup

AngularJS is based on the model view controller, whereas Angular 4 is based on the components structure. Angular 6 works on the same structure as Angular4 but is faster when compared to Angular4.

Angular6 uses TypeScript 2.9 version whereas Angular 4 uses TypeScript version 2.2. This brings a lot of difference in the performance.

To install Angular 6, the Angular team came up with Angular CLI which eases the installation. You need to run through a few commands to install Angular 6.

Go to this site https://cp.angular.io to install Angular CLI.

To get started with the installation, we first need to make sure we have nodejs and npm installed with the latest version. The npm package gets installed along with nodejs.

Go to the nodejs site https://nodejs.org/en/.

The latest version of Nodejs v8.11.3 is recommended for users. Users who already have nodejs greater than 8.11 can skip the above process. Once nodejs is installed, you can check the version of node in the command pne using the command, node -v, as shown below −

node -v
v8.11.3

The command prompt shows v8.11.3. Once nodejs is installed, npm will also get installed along with it.

To check the version of npm, type command npm -v in the terminal. It will display the version of npm as shown below.

npm -v
v5.6.0

The version of npm is 5.6.0. Now that we have nodejs and npm installed, let us run the angular cp commands to install Angular 6. You will see the following commands on the webpage −

npm install -g @angular/cp //command to install angular 6
ng new Angular 6-app // name of the project
cd my-dream-app
ng serve

Let us start with the first command in the command pne and see how it works.

To start with, we will create an empty directory wherein, we will run the Angular CLI command.

npm install -g @angular/cp //command to install angular 6

We have created an empty folder ProjectA4 and installed the Angular CLI command. We have also used -g to install Angular CLI globally. Now, you can create your Angular 4 project in any directory or folder and you don’t have to install Angular CLI project wise, as it is installed on your system globally and you can make use of it from any directory.

Let us now check whether Angular CLI is installed or not. To check the installation, run the following command in the terminal −

ng -v
     _                      _                 ____ _     ___
    /    _ __   __ _ _   _| | __ _ _ __     / ___| |   |_ _|
   / ?  |  _  / _` | | | | |/ _` |  __|   | |   | |    | |
  / ___ | | | | (_| | |_| | | (_| | |      | |___| |___ | |
 /_/   \_\_| |_|\__, |\__,_|_|\__,_|_|       \____|_____|___|
                |___/


Angular CLI: 6.1.3
Node: 8.11.3
OS: win32 x64
Angular:
...

Package                      Version
------------------------------------------------------
@angular-devkit/architect    0.7.3
@angular-devkit/core         0.7.3
@angular-devkit/schematics   0.7.3
@schematics/angular          0.7.3
@schematics/update           0.7.3
rxjs                         6.2.2
typescript                   2.9.2

We get the @angular/cp version, which is at present 6.1.3. The node version running is 8.11.3 and also the OS details. The above details tell us that we have installed angular cp successfully and now we are ready to commence with our project.

We have now installed Angular 6. Let us now create our first project in Angular 6. To create a project in Angular 6, we will use the following command −

ng new projectname

We will name the project ng new Angular6App.

Let us now run the above command in the command pne.

ng new Angular6App
CREATE Angular6App/angular.json (3593 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/package.json (1317 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/README.md (1028 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/tsconfig.json (408 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/tspnt.json (2805 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/.editorconfig (245 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/.gitignore (503 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/favicon.ico (5430 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/index.html (298 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/main.ts (370 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/polyfills.ts (3194 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/test.ts (642 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/styles.css (80 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/browserspst (375 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/karma.conf.js (964 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/tsconfig.app.json (170 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/tsconfig.spec.json (256 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/tspnt.json (314 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/assets/.gitkeep (0 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/environments/environment.prod.ts (51 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/environments/environment.ts (642 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/app/app.module.ts (314 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/app/app.component.html (1141 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/app/app.component.spec.ts (1010 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/app/app.component.ts (215 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/src/app/app.component.css (0 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/e2e/protractor.conf.js (752 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/e2e/tsconfig.e2e.json (213 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/e2e/src/app.e2e-spec.ts (307 bytes)
CREATE Angular6App/e2e/src/app.po.ts (208 bytes)

The project Angular6App is created successfully. It installs all the required packages necessary for our project to run in Angular 6. Let us now switch to the project created, which is in the directory Angular6App. Change the directory in the command pne - cd Angular 6-app.

We will use Visual Studio Code IDE for working with Angular 6; you can use any IDE, i.e., Atom, WebStorm, etc.

To download Visual Studio Code, go to https://code.visualstudio.com/ and cpck Download for Windows.

Cpck Download for Windows for instalpng the IDE and run the setup to start using IDE.

The Editor looks as follows −

We have not started any project in it. Let us now take the project we have created using angular-cp.

Now that we have the file structure for our project, let us compile our project with the following command −

ng serve

The ng serve command builds the apppcation and starts the web server.

** Angular Live Development Server is pstening on localhost:4200, open your browser on http://localhost:4200/ **
...
Date: 2018-08-18T11:17:54.745Z
Hash: 0ace6c8a055c58d1734c
Time: 20490ms
chunk {main} main.js, main.js.map (main) 10.7 kB [initial] [rendered]
chunk {polyfills} polyfills.js, polyfills.js.map (polyfills) 227 kB [initial] [rendered]
chunk {runtime} runtime.js, runtime.js.map (runtime) 5.22 kB [entry] [rendered]
chunk {styles} styles.js, styles.js.map (styles) 15.6 kB [initial] [rendered]
chunk {vendor} vendor.js, vendor.js.map (vendor) 3.27 MB [initial] [rendered]
i ?wdm?: Compiled successfully.

The web server starts on port 4200. Type the url http://localhost:4200/ in the browser and see the output. You will be directed to the following screen −

Let us now make some changes to display the following content −

"Welcome to Angular 6 project"

We have made changes in the files - app.component.html and app.component.ts. We will discuss more about this in our subsequent chapters.

Let us complete the project setup. If you see we have used port 4200, which is the default port that angular-cp makes use of while compipng. You can change the port if you wish using the following command −

ng serve --host 0.0.0.0 -port 4205

The Angular 6 app folder has the following folder structure −

e2e − end to end test folder. Mainly e2e is used for integration testing and helps ensure the apppcation works fine.

node_modules − The npm package installed is node_modules. You can open the folder and see the packages available.

src − This folder is where we will work on the project using Angular 4.

The Angular 6 app folder has the following file structure −

.angular-cp.json − It basically holds the project name, version of cp, etc.

.editorconfig − This is the config file for the editor.

.gitignore − A .gitignore file should be committed into the repository, in order to share the ignore rules with any other users that clone the repository.

karma.conf.js − This is used for unit testing via the protractor. All the information required for the project is provided in karma.conf.js file.

package.json − The package.json file tells which pbraries will be installed into node_modules when you run npm install.

At present, if you open the file in the editor, you will get the following modules added in it.

"@angular/animations": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/common": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/compiler": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/core": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/forms": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/http": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/platform-browser": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^6.1.0",
"@angular/router": "^6.1.0",
"core-js": "^2.5.4",
"rxjs": "^6.0.0",
"zone.js": "~0.8.26"

In case you need to add more pbraries, you can add those over here and run the npm install command.

protractor.conf.js − This is the testing configuration required for the apppcation.

tsconfig.json − This basically contains the compiler options required during compilation.

tspnt.json − This is the config file with rules to be considered while compipng.

The src folder is the main folder, which internally has a different file structure.

app

It contains the files described below. These files are installed by angular-cp by default.

app.module.ts − If you open the file, you will see that the code has reference to different pbraries, which are imported. Angular-cp has used these default pbraries for the import - angular/core, platform-browser. The names itself explain the usage of the pbraries.

They are imported and saved into variables such as declarations, imports, providers, and bootstrap.

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

declarations − In declarations, the reference to the components is stored. The Appcomponent is the default component that is created whenever a new project is initiated. We will learn about creating new components in a different section.

imports − This will have the modules imported as shown above. At present, BrowserModule is part of the imports which is imported from @angular/platform-browser.

providers − This will have reference to the services created. The service will be discussed in a subsequent chapter.

bootstrap − This has reference to the default component created, i.e., AppComponent.

app.component.css − You can write your css structure over here. Right now, we have added the background color to the span as shown below.

.spandetails{
   background-color: #ccc;
}

app.component.html − The html code will be available in this file.

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span class = "spandetails">
   <span style = "text-apgn:center">
      <h1>
         Welcome to {{title}}!
      </h1>
      <img width = "300" src =    "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNv
         ZGluZz0idXRmLTgiPz4NCjwhLS0gR2VuZXJhdG9yOiBBZG9iZSBJbGx1c3Ry
         YXRvciAxOS4xLjAsIFNWRyBFeHBvcnQgUGx1Zy1JbiAuIFNWRyBWZXJzaW9
         uOiA2LjAwIEJ1aWxkIDApICAtLT4NCjxzdmcgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4xIiBpZD0i
         TGF5ZXJfMSIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB4b
         Wxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgeD0iMHB
         4IiB5PSIwcHgiDQoJIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAyNTAgMjUwIiBzdHlsZT0iZW5hY
         mxlLWJhY2tncm91bmQ6bmV3IDAgMCAyNTAgMjUwOyIgeG1sOnNwYWNlPSJwcmV
         zZXJ2ZSI+DQo8c3R5bGUgdHlwZT0idGV4dC9jc3MiPg0KCS5zdDB7ZmlsbDojR
         EQwMDMxO30NCgkuc3Qxe2ZpbGw6I0MzMDAyRjt9DQoJLnN0MntmaWxsOiNGRkZ
         GRkY7fQ0KPC9zdHlsZT4NCjxnPg0KCTxwb2x5Z29uIGNsYXNzPSJzdDAiIHBva
         W50cz0iMTI1LDMwIDEyNSwzMCAxMjUsMzAgMzEuOSw2My4yIDQ2LjEsMTg2LjM
         gMTI1LDIzMCAxMjUsMjMwIDEyNSwyMzAgMjAzLjksMTg2LjMgMjE4LjEsNjMuMi
         AJIi8+DQoJPHBvbHlnb24gY2xhc3M9InN0MSIgcG9pbnRzPSIxMjUsMzAgMTI1L
         DUyLjIgMTI1LDUyLjEgMTI1LDE1My40IDEyNSwxNTMuNCAxMjUsMjMwIDEyNSwy
         MzAgMjAzLjksMTg2LjMgMjE4LjEsNjMuMiAxMjUsMzAgCSIvPg0KCTxwYXRoIGN
         sYXNzPSJzdDIiIGQ9Ik0xMjUsNTIuMUw2Ni44LDE4Mi42aDBoMjEuN2gwbDExLj
         ctMjkuMmg0OS40bDExLjcsMjkuMmgwaDIxLjdoMEwxMjUsNTIuMUwxMjUsNTIuM
         UwxMjUsNTIuMUwxMjUsNTIuMQ0KCQlMMTI1LDUyLjF6IE0xNDIsMTM1LjRIMTA4b
         DE3LTQwLjlMMTQyLDEzNS40eiIvPg0KPC9nPg0KPC9zdmc+DQo=">
   </span>
   <h2>Here are some pnks to help you start: </h2>
   <ul>
      <p>
         <h2>
            <a target = "_blank" href="https://angular.io/tutorial">Tour of Heroes</a>
         </h2>
      </p>
      <p>
         <h2>
            <a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/angular/angular-cp/wiki">
               CLI Documentation
            </a>
         </h2>
      </p>
      <p>
         <h2>
            <a target = "_blank" href="http://angularjs.blogspot.ca/">Angular blog</a>
         </h2>
      </p>
   </ul>
</span>

This is the default html code currently available with the project creation.

app.component.spec.ts − These are automatically generated files which contain unit tests for source component.

app.component.ts − The class for the component is defined over here. You can do the processing of the html structure in the .ts file. The processing will include activities such as connecting to the database, interacting with other components, routing, services, etc.

The structure of the file is as follows −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  app ;
}

Assets

You can save your images, js files in this folder.

Environment

This folder has the details for the production or the dev environment. The folder contains two files.

environment.prod.ts

environment.ts

Both the files have details of whether the final file should be compiled in the production environment or the dev environment.

The additional file structure of Angular 4 app folder includes the following −

favicon.ico

This is a file that is usually found in the root directory of a website.

index.html

This is the file which is displayed in the browser.

<!doctype html>
<html lang = "en">
   <head>
      <meta charset = "utf-8">
      <title>HTTP Search Param</title>
      <base href = "/">
      <pnk href = "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel = "stylesheet">
      <pnk href = "https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto|Roboto+Mono" rel = "stylesheet">
      <pnk href = "styles.c7c7b8bf22964ff954d3.bundle.css" rel = "stylesheet">
      <meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale = 1">
      <pnk rel = "icon" type = "image/x-icon" href = "favicon.ico">
   </head>
   <body>
      <app-root></app-root>
   </body>
</html>

The body has <app-root></app-root>. This is the selector which is used in app.component.ts file and will display the details from app.component.html file.

main.ts

main.ts is the file from where we start our project development. It starts with importing the basic module which we need. Right now if you see angular/core, angular/platform-browser-dynamic, app.module and environment is imported by default during angular-cp installation and project setup.

import { enableProdMode } from  @angular/core ;
import { platformBrowserDynamic } from  @angular/platform-browser-dynamic ;
import { AppModule } from  ./app/app.module ;
import { environment } from  ./environments/environment ;
if (environment.production) {
   enableProdMode();
}
platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule);

The platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule) has the parent module reference AppModule. Hence, when it executes in the browser, the file that is called is index.html. Index.html internally refers to main.ts which calls the parent module, i.e., AppModule when the following code executes −

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule);

When AppModule is called, it calls app.module.ts which further calls the AppComponent based on the boostrap as follows −

bootstrap: [AppComponent]

In app.component.ts, there is a selector: app-root which is used in the index.html file. This will display the contents present in app.component.html.

The following will be displayed in the browser −

polyfill.ts

This is mainly used for backward compatibipty.

styles.css

This is the style file required for the project.

test.ts

Here, the unit test cases for testing the project will be handled.

tsconfig.app.json

This is used during compilation, it has the config details that need to be used to run the apppcation.

tsconfig.spec.json

This helps maintain the details for testing.

typings.d.ts

It is used to manage the TypeScript definition.

Angular 6 - Components

Major part of the development with Angular 6 is done in the components. Components are basically classes that interact with the .html file of the component, which gets displayed on the browser. We have seen the file structure in one of our previous chapters. The file structure has the app component and it consists of the following files −

app.component.css

app.component.html

app.component.spec.ts

app.component.ts

app.module.ts

The above files were created by default when we created new project using the angular-cp command.

If you open up the app.module.ts file, it has some pbraries which are imported and also a declarative which is assigned the appcomponent as follows −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

The declarations include the AppComponent variable, which we have already imported. This becomes the parent component.

Now, angular-cp has a command to create your own component. However, the app component which is created by default will always remain the parent and the next components created will form the child components.

Let us now run the command to create the component.

ng generate component new-cmp

When you run the above command in the command pne, you will receive the following output −

D:NodeAngular6App>ng generate component new-cmp
CREATE src/app/new-cmp/new-cmp.component.html (26 bytes)
CREATE src/app/new-cmp/new-cmp.component.spec.ts (629 bytes)
CREATE src/app/new-cmp/new-cmp.component.ts (272 bytes)
CREATE src/app/new-cmp/new-cmp.component.css (0 bytes)
UPDATE src/app/app.module.ts (398 bytes)

Now, if we go and check the file structure, we will get the new-cmp new folder created under the src/app folder.

The following files are created in the new-cmp folder −

new-cmp.component.css − css file for the new component is created.

new-cmp.component.html − html file is created.

new-cmp.component.spec.ts − this can be used for unit testing.

new-cmp.component.ts − here, we can define the module, properties, etc.

Changes are added to the app.module.ts file as follows −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
// includes the new-cmp component we created
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent // here it is added in declarations and will behave as a child component
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent] //for bootstrap the AppComponent the main app component is given.
})

export class AppModule { }

The new-cmp.component.ts file is generated as follows −

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ; // here angular/core is imported .
@Component({
   // this is a declarator which starts with @ sign. The component word marked in bold needs to be the same.
   selector:  app-new-cmp , //
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html , 
   // reference to the html file created in the new component.
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ] // reference to the style file.
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   constructor() { }
   ngOnInit() {}
}

If you see the above new-cmp.component.ts file, it creates a new class called NewCmpComponent, which implements OnInit.In, which has a constructor and a method called ngOnInit(). ngOnInit is called by default when the class is executed.

Let us check how the flow works. Now, the app component, which is created by default becomes the parent component. Any component added later becomes the child component.

When we hit the url in the http://localhost:4200/ browser, it first executes the index.html file which is shown below −

<!doctype html>
<html lang = "en">
   <head>
      <meta charset = "utf-8">
      <title>Angular 6 Apppcation</title>
      <base href = "/">
      <meta name = "viewport" content = "width = device-width, initial-scale = 1">
      <pnk rel = "icon" type = "image/x-icon" href = "favicon.ico">
   </head>
   <body>
      <app-root></app-root>
   </body>
</html>

The above is the normal html file and we do not see anything that is printed in the browser. Take a look at the tag in the body section.

<app-root></app-root>

This is the root tag created by the Angular by default. This tag has the reference in the main.ts file.

import { enableProdMode } from  @angular/core ;
import { platformBrowserDynamic } from  @angular/platform-browser-dynamic ;
import { AppModule } from  ./app/app.module ;
import { environment } from  ./environments/environment ;
if (environment.production) {
   enableProdMode();
}
platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule);

AppModule is imported from the app of the main parent module, and the same is given to the bootstrap Module, which makes the appmodule load.

Let us now see the app.module.ts file −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})

export class AppModule { }

Here, the AppComponent is the name given, i.e., the variable to store the reference of the app. Component.ts and the same is given to the bootstrap. Let us now see the app.component.ts file.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
}

Angular core is imported and referred as the Component and the same is used in the Declarator as −

@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})

In the declarator reference to the selector, templateUrl and styleUrl are given. The selector here is nothing but the tag which is placed in the index.html file that we saw above.

The class AppComponent has a variable called title, which is displayed in the browser.

The @Component uses the templateUrl called app.component.html which is as follows −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>

It has just the html code and the variable title in curly brackets. It gets replaced with the value, which is present in the app.component.ts file. This is called binding. We will discuss the concept of binding in a subsequent chapter.

Now that we have created a new component called new-cmp. The same gets included in the app.module.ts file, when the command is run for creating a new component.

app.module.ts has a reference to the new component created.

Let us now check the new files created in new-cmp.

new-cmp.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-new-cmp ,
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ]
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   constructor() { }
   ngOnInit() {}
}

Here, we have to import the core too. The reference of the component is used in the declarator.

The declarator has the selector called app-new-cmp and the templateUrl and styleUrl.

The .html called new-cmp.component.html is as follows −

<p>
   new-cmp works!
</p>

As seen above, we have the html code, i.e., the p tag. The style file is empty as we do not need any stypng at present. But when we run the project, we do not see anything related to the new component getting displayed in the browser. Let us now add something and the same can be seen in the browser later.

The selector, i.e., app-new-cmp needs to be added in the app.component .html file as follows −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<app-new-cmp></app-new-cmp>

When the <app-new-cmp></app-new-cmp> tag is added, all that is present in the .html file of the new component created will get displayed on the browser along with the parent component data.

Let us see the new component .html file and the new-cmp.component.ts file.

new-cmp.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-new-cmp ,
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ]
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   newcomponent = "Entered in new component created";
   constructor() {}
   ngOnInit() { }
}

In the class, we have added one variable called new component and the value is "Entered in new component created".

The above variable is bound in the .new-cmp.component.html file as follows −

<p>
   {{newcomponent}}
</p>
<p>
   new-cmp works!
</p>

Now since we have included the <app-new-cmp></app-new-cmp> selector in the app. component .html which is the .html of the parent component, the content present in the new component .html file (new-cmp.component.html) gets displayed on the browser as follows −

Similarly, we can create components and pnk the same using the selector in the app.component.html file as per our requirements.

Angular 6 - Modules

Module in Angular refers to a place where you can group the components, directives, pipes, and services, which are related to the apppcation.

In case you are developing a website, the header, footer, left, center and the right section become part of a module.

To define module, we can use the NgModule. When you create a new project using the Angular -cp command, the ngmodule is created in the app.module.ts file by default and it looks as follows −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule needs to be imported as follows −

import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;

The structure for the ngmodule is as shown below −

@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})

It starts with @NgModule and contains an object which has declarations, import s, providers and bootstrap.

Declaration

It is an array of components created. If any new component gets created, it will be imported first and the reference will be included in declarations as shown below −

declarations: [
   AppComponent,
   NewCmpComponent
]

Import

It is an array of modules required to be used in the apppcation. It can also be used by the components in the Declaration array. For example, right now in the @NgModule we see the Browser Module imported. In case your apppcation needs forms, you can include the module as follows −

import { FormsModule } from  @angular/forms ;

The import in the @NgModule will be pke the following −

imports: [
   BrowserModule,
   FormsModule
]

Providers

This will include the services created.

Bootstrap

This includes the main app component for starting the execution.

Angular 6 - Data Binding

Data Binding is available right from AngularJS, Angular 2,4 and is now available in Angular 6 as well. We use curly braces for data binding - {{}}; this process is called interpolation. We have already seen in our previous examples how we declared the value to the variable title and the same is printed in the browser.

The variable in the app.component.html file is referred as {{title}} and the value of title is initiapzed in the app.component.ts file and in app.component.html, the value is displayed.

Let us now create a dropdown of months in the browser. To do that , we have created an array of months in app.component.ts as follows −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   // declared array of months.
   months = ["January", "Feburary", "March", "April", "May", 
            "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
}

The month s array that is shown above is to be displayed in a dropdown in the browser. For this, we will use the following pne of code −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced. -->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select>
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>

We have created the normal select tag with option. In option, we have used the for loop. The for loop is used to iterate over the months array, which in turn will create the option tag with the value present in the months.

The syntax for in Angular is *ngFor = "let I of months" and to get the value of months we are displaying it in {{i}}.

The two curly brackets help with data binding. You declare the variables in your app.component.ts file and the same will be replaced using the curly brackets.

Let us see the output of the above month s array in the browser

The variable that is set in the app.component.ts can be bound with the app.component.html using the curly brackets; for example, {{}}.

Let us now display the data in the browser based on condition. Here, we have added a variable and assigned the value as true. Using the if statement, we can hide/show the content to be displayed.

Example

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 4 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "February", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = true;   //variable is set to true
}

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select>
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable">Condition is vapd.</span> 
  <!--over here based on if condition the text condition is vapd is displayed. 
  If the value of isavailable is set to false it will not display the text.-->
</span>

Output

Let us try the above example using the IF THEN ELSE condition.

Example

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 4 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "February", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = false;
}

In this case, we have made the isavailable variable as false. To print the else condition, we will have to create the ng-template as follows −

<ng-template #condition1>Condition is invapd</ng-template>

The full code looks pke this −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select>
      <option *ngFor="let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable; else condition1">Condition is vapd.</span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is invapd</ng-template>
</span>

If is used with the else condition and the variable used is condition1. The same is assigned as an id to the ng-template, and when the available variable is set to false the text Condition is invapd is displayed.

The following screenshot shows the display in the browser.

Let us now use the if then else condition.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 4 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "February", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = true;
}

Now, we will make the variable isavailable as true. In the html, the condition is written in the following way −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
   Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select>
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable; then condition1 else condition2">Condition is vapd.</span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd</ng-template>
   <ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd</ng-template>
</span>

If the variable is true, then condition1, else condition2. Now, two templates are created with id #condition1 and #condition2.

The display in the browser is as follows −

Angular 6 - Event Binding

In this chapter, we will discuss how Event Binding works in Angular 6. When a user interacts with an apppcation in the form of a keyboard movement, a mouse cpck, or a mouseover, it generates an event. These events need to be handled to perform some kind of action. This is where event binding comes into picture.

Let us consider an example to understand this better.

app.component.html

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select>
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable; then condition1 else condition2">
      Condition is vapd.
   </span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd</ng-template>
   <ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd</ng-template>
</span>
<button (cpck)="myCpckFunction($event)">
   Cpck Me
</button>

In the app.component.html file, we have defined a button and added a function to it using the cpck event.

Following is the syntax to define a button and add a function to it.

(cpck)="myCpckFunction($event)"

The function is defined in the .ts file: app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "Feburary", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = true;
   myCpckFunction(event) { 
      //just added console.log which will display the event details in browser on cpck of the button.
      alert("Button is cpcked");
      console.log(event);
   }
}

Upon cpcking the button, the control will come to the function myCpckFunction and a dialog box will appear, which displays the Button is cpcked as shown in the following screenshot −

Let us now add the change event to the dropdown.

The following pne of code will help you add the change event to the dropdown −

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select (change) = "changemonths($event)">
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable; then condition1 else condition2">
      Condition is vapd.
   </span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd</ng-template>
   <ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd</ng-template>
</span>
<button (cpck) = "myCpckFunction($event)">Cpck Me</button>

The function is declared in the app.component.ts file −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "Feburary", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = true;
   myCpckFunction(event) {
      alert("Button is cpcked");
      console.log(event);
   }
   changemonths(event) {
      console.log("Changed month from the Dropdown");
      console.log(event);
   }
}

The console message "Changed month from the Dropdown" is displayed in the console along with the event.

Let us add an alert message in app.component.ts when the value from the dropdown is changed as shown below −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "February", "March", "April",
            "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
            "October", "November", "December"];
   
   isavailable = true;
   myCpckFunction(event) { 
      //just added console.log which will display the event details in browser 
      on cpck of the button.
      alert("Button is cpcked");
      console.log(event);
   }
   changemonths(event) {
      alert("Changed month from the Dropdown");
   }
}

When the value in dropdown is changed, a dialog box will appear and the following message will be displayed - "Changed month from the Dropdown".

Angular 6 - Templates

Angular 6 uses the <ng-template> as the tag similar to Angular 4 instead of <template> which is used in Angular2. The reason Angular 4 changed <template> to <ng-template> is because there is a name confpct between the <template> tag and the html <template> standard tag. It will deprecate completely going ahead.

Let us now use the template along with the if else condition and see the output.

app.component.html

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select (change) = "changemonths($event)" name = "month">
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable;then condition1 else condition2">Condition is vapd.</span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd from template</ng-template>
   <ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd from template</ng-template>
</span>
<button (cpck) = "myCpckFunction($event)">Cpck Me</button>

For the Span tag, we have added the if statement with the else condition and will call template condition1, else condition2.

The templates are to be called as follows −

<ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd from template</ng-template>
<ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd from template</ng-template>

If the condition is true, then the condition1 template is called, otherwise condition2.

app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   //array of months.
   months = ["January", "February", "March", "April",
      "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
      "October", "November", "December"];
   isavailable = false;
   myCpckFunction(event) {
      this.isavailable = false;
   }
   changemonths(event) {
      alert("Changed month from the Dropdown");
      console.log(event);
   }
}

The output in the browser is as follows −

The variable isavailable is false so the condition2 template is printed. If you cpck the button, the respective template will be called. If you inspect the browser, you will see that you never get the span tag in the dom. The following example will help you understand the same.

If you inspect the browser, you will see that the dom does not have the span tag. It has the Condition is invapd from template in the dom.

The following pne of code in html will help us get the span tag in the dom.

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <h1>
      Welcome to {{title}}.
   </h1>
</span>
<span> Months :
   <select (change) = "changemonths($event)" name = "month">
      <option *ngFor = "let i of months">{{i}}</option>
   </select>
</span>
<br/>
<span>
   <span *ngIf = "isavailable; else condition2">Condition is vapd.</span>
   <ng-template #condition1>Condition is vapd from template</ng-template>
   <ng-template #condition2>Condition is invapd from template</ng-template>
</span>
<button (cpck)="myCpckFunction($event)">Cpck Me</button>

If we remove the then condition, we get the "Condition is vapd" message in the browser and the span tag is also available in the dom. For example, in app.component.ts, we have made the isavailable variable as true.

Angular 6 - Directives

Directives in Angular is a js class, which is declared as @directive. We have 3 directives in Angular. The directives are psted below −

Component Directives

These form the main class having details of how the component should be processed, instantiated and used at runtime.

Structural Directives

A structure directive basically deals with manipulating the dom elements. Structural directives have a * sign before the directive. For example, *ngIf and *ngFor.

Attribute Directives

Attribute directives deal with changing the look and behavior of the dom element. You can create your own directives as shown below.

How to Create Custom Directives?

In this section, we will discuss about Custom Directives to be used in components. Custom directives are created by us and are not standard.

Let us see how to create the custom directive. We will create the directive using the command pne. The command to create the directive using the command pne is −

ng g directive nameofthedirective
e.g
ng g directive changeText

This is how it appears in the command pne

C:projectA6Angular6App>ng g directive changeText
CREATE src/app/change-text.directive.spec.ts (241 bytes)
CREATE src/app/change-text.directive.ts (149 bytes)
UPDATE src/app/app.module.ts (486 bytes)

The above files, i.e., change-text.directive.spec.ts and change-text.directive.ts get created and the app.module.ts file is updated.

app.module.ts

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

The ChangeTextDirective class is included in the declarations in the above file. The class is also imported from the file given below.

change-text. directive

import { Directive } from  @angular/core ;
@Directive({
   selector:  [appChangeText] 
})
export class ChangeTextDirective {
   constructor() { }
}

The above file has a directive and it also has a selector property. Whatever we define in the selector, the same has to match in the view, where we assign the custom directive.

In the app.component.html view, let us add the directive as follows −

<span style = "text-apgn:center">
   <span appChangeText >Welcome to {{title}}.</span>
</span>

We will write the changes in change-text.directive.ts file as follows −

change-text.directive.ts

import { Directive, ElementRef} from  @angular/core ;
@Directive({
   selector:  [appChangeText] 
})
export class ChangeTextDirective {
   constructor(Element: ElementRef) {
      console.log(Element);
      Element.nativeElement.innerText = "Text is changed by changeText Directive. ";
   }
}

In the above file, there is a class called ChangeTextDirective and a constructor, which takes the element of type ElementRef, which is mandatory. The element has all the details to which the Change Text directive is appped.

We have added the console.log element. The output of the same can be seen in the browser console. The text of the element is also changed as shown above.

Now, the browser will show the following.

Angular 6 - Pipes

In this chapter, we will discuss what are Pipes in Angular 6. Pipes were earper called filters in Angular1 and called pipes in Angular 2 onwards.

The | character is used to transform data. Following is the syntax for the same

{{ Welcome to Angular 6 | lowercase}}

It takes integers, strings, arrays, and date as input separated with | to be converted in the format as required and display the same in the browser.

Let us consider a few examples using pipes.

Here, we want to display the text given to uppercase. This can be done using pipes as follows −

In the app.component.ts file, we have defined the title variable −

app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
}

The following pne of code goes into the app.component.html file.

<b>{{title | uppercase}}</b><br/>
<b>{{title | lowercase}}</b>

The browser appears as shown in the following screenshot −

Angular 6 provides some built-in pipes. The pipes are psted below −

Lowercasepipe

Uppercasepipe

Datepipe

Currencypipe

Jsonpipe

Percentpipe

Decimalpipe

Spcepipe

We have already seen the lowercase and uppercase pipes. Let us now see how the other pipes work.

The following pne of code will help us define the required variables in app.component.ts file −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate = new Date();
   jsonval = {name: Rox , age: 25 , address:{a1: Mumbai , a2: Karnataka }};
   months = ["Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "April", "May", "Jun",
            "July", "Aug", "Sept", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"];
}

We will use the pipes in the app.component.html file.

<!--The content below is only a placeholder and can be replaced.-->
<span style = "width:100%;">
   <span style = "width:40%;float:left;border:sopd 1px black;">
      <h1>Uppercase Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{title | uppercase}}</b><br/>
      <h1>Lowercase Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{title | lowercase}}</b>
      <h1>Currency Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{6589.23 | currency:"USD"}}</b><br/>
      <b>{{6589.23 | currency:"USD":true}}</b> //Boolean true is used to get the sign of the currency.
      <h1>Date pipe</h1>
      <b>{{todaydate | date: d/M/y }}</b><br/>
      <b>{{todaydate | date: shortTime }}</b>
      <h1>Decimal Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{ 454.78787814 | number:  3.4-4  }}</b> // 3 is for main integer, 4 -4 are for integers to be displayed.
   </span>
   <span style = "width:40%;float:left;border:sopd 1px black;">
      <h1>Json Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{ jsonval | json }}</b>
      <h1>Percent Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{00.54565 | percent}}</b>
      <h1>Spce Pipe</h1>
      <b>{{months | spce:2:6}}</b> 
      // here 2 and 6 refers to the start and the end index
   </span>
</span>

The following screenshots show the output for each pipe −

How to Create a Custom Pipe?

To create a custom pipe, we have created a new ts file. Here, we want to create the sqrt custom pipe. We have given the same name to the file and it looks as follows −

app.sqrt.ts

import {Pipe, PipeTransform} from  @angular/core ;
@Pipe ({
   name :  sqrt 
})
export class SqrtPipe implements PipeTransform {
   transform(val : number) : number {
      return Math.sqrt(val);
   }
}

To create a custom pipe, we have to import Pipe and Pipe Transform from Angular/core. In the @Pipe directive, we have to give the name to our pipe, which will be used in our .html file. Since, we are creating the sqrt pipe, we will name it sqrt.

As we proceed further, we have to create the class and the class name is SqrtPipe. This class will implement the PipeTransform.

The transform method defined in the class will take argument as the number and will return the number after taking the square root.

Since we have created a new file, we need to add the same in app.module.ts. This is done as follows −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
import { SqrtPipe } from  ./app.sqrt ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      SqrtPipe,
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

We have created the app.sqrt.ts class. We have to import the same in app.module.ts and specify the path of the file. It also has to be included in the declarations as shown above.

Let us now see the call made to the sqrt pipe in the app.component.html file.

<h1>Custom Pipe</h1>
<b>Square root of 25 is: {{25 | sqrt}}</b>
<br/>
<b>Square root of 729 is: {{729 | sqrt}}</b>

The output looks as follows −

Angular 6 - Routing

Routing basically means navigating between pages. You have seen many sites with pnks that direct you to a new page. This can be achieved using routing. Here the pages that we are referring to will be in the form of components. We have already seen how to create a component. Let us now create a component and see how to use routing with it.

In the main parent component app.module.ts, we have to now include the router module as shown below −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { RouterModule} from  @angular/router ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
import { SqrtPipe } from  ./app.sqrt ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      SqrtPipe,
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      RouterModule.forRoot([
         {
            path:  new-cmp ,
            component: NewCmpComponent
         }
      ])
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

import { RouterModule} from @angular/router

Here, the RouterModule is imported from angular/router. The module is included in the imports as shown below −

RouterModule.forRoot([
   {
      path:  new-cmp ,
      component: NewCmpComponent
   }
])

RouterModule refers to the forRoot which takes an input as an array, which in turn has the object of the path and the component. Path is the name of the router and component is the name of the class, i.e., the component created.

Let us now see the component created file −

New-cmp.component.ts

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-new-cmp ,
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ]
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   newcomponent = "Entered in new component created";
   constructor() {}
   ngOnInit() { }
}

The highpghted class is mentioned in the imports of the main module.

New-cmp.component.html

<p>
   {{newcomponent}}
</p>

<p>
   new-cmp works!
</p>

Now, we need the above content from the html file to be displayed whenever required or cpcked from the main module. For this, we need to add the router details in the app.component.html.

<h1>Custom Pipe</h1>
<b>Square root of 25 is: {{25 | sqrt}}</b><br/>
<b>Square root of 729 is: {{729 | sqrt}}</b>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a routerLink = "new-cmp">New component</a>
<br />
<br/>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

In the above code, we have created the anchor pnk tag and given routerLink as "new-cmp". This is referred in app.module.ts as the path.

When a user cpcks new component, the page should display the content. For this, we need the following tag - <router-outlet> </router-outlet>.

The above tag ensures that the content in the new-cmp.component.html will be displayed on the page when a user cpcks new component.

Let us now see how the output is displayed on the browser.

When a user cpcks New component, you will see the following in the browser.

The url contains http://localhost:4200/new-cmp. Here, the new-cmp gets appended to the original url, which is the path given in the app.module.ts and the router-pnk in the app.component.html.

When a user cpcks New component, the page is not refreshed and the contents are shown to the user without any reloading. Only a particular piece of the site code will be reloaded when cpcked. This feature helps when we have heavy content on the page and needs to be loaded based on the user interaction. The feature also gives a good user experience as the page is not reloaded.

Angular 6 - Services

In this chapter, we will discuss the services in Angular 6.

We might come across a situation where we need some code to be used everywhere on the page. It can be for data connection that needs to be shared across components, etc. Services help us achieve that. With services, we can access methods and properties across other components in the entire project.

To create a service, we need to make use of the command pne. The command for the same is −

C:projectA6Angular6App>ng g service myservice
CREATE src/app/myservice.service.spec.ts (392 bytes)
CREATE src/app/myservice.service.ts (138 bytes)

The files are created in the app folder as follows −

Following are the files created at the bottom - myservice.service.specs.ts and myservice.service.ts.

myservice.service.ts

import { Injectable } from  @angular/core ;
@Injectable()
export class MyserviceService {
   constructor() { }
}

Here, the Injectable module is imported from the @angular/core. It contains the @Injectable method and a class called MyserviceService. We will create our service function in this class.

Before creating a new service, we need to include the service created in the main parent app.module.ts.

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { RouterModule} from  @angular/router ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
import { SqrtPipe } from  ./app.sqrt ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      SqrtPipe,
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      RouterModule.forRoot([
         {
            path:  new-cmp ,
            component: NewCmpComponent
         }
      ])
   ],
   providers: [MyserviceService],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

We have imported the Service with the class name and the same class is used in the providers. Let us now switch back to the service class and create a service function.

In the service class, we will create a function which will display today’s date. We can use the same function in the main parent component app.component.ts and also in the new component new-cmp.component.ts that we created in the previous chapter.

Let us now see how the function looks in the service and how to use it in components.

import { Injectable } from  @angular/core ;
@Injectable()
export class MyserviceService {
   constructor() { }
   showTodayDate() {
      let ndate = new Date();
      return ndate;
   }
}

In the above service file, we have created a function showTodayDate. Now we will return the new Date () created. Let us see how we can access this function in the component class.

app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) {}
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
   }
}

The ngOnInit function gets called by default in any component created. The date is fetched from the service as shown above. To fetch more details of the service, we need to first include the service in the component ts file.

We will display the date in the .html file as shown below −

{{todaydate}}
<app-new-cmp></app-new-cmp> 
// data to be displayed to user from the new component class.

Let us now see how to use the service in the new component created.

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./../myservice.service ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-new-cmp ,
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ]
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   todaydate;
   newcomponent = "Entered in new component created";
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) {}
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
   }
}

In the new component that we have created, we need to first import the service that we want and access the methods and properties of the same. Please see the code highpghted. The todaydate is displayed in the component html as follows −

<p>
   {{newcomponent}}
</p>
<p>
   Today s Date : {{todaydate}}
</p>

The selector of the new component is used in the app.component.html file. The contents from the above html file will be displayed in the browser as shown below −

If you change the property of the service in any component, the same is changed in other components too. Let us now see how this works.

We will define one variable in the service and use it in the parent and the new component. We will again change the property in the parent component and will see if the same is changed in the new component or not.

In myservice.service.ts, we have created a property and used the same in other parent and new component.

import { Injectable } from  @angular/core ;
@Injectable()
export class MyserviceService {
   serviceproperty = "Service Created";
   constructor() { }
   showTodayDate() {
      let ndate = new Date();
      return ndate;
   }
}

Let us now use the serviceproperty variable in other components. In app.component.ts, we are accessing the variable as follows −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 4 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   componentproperty;
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) {}
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
      console.log(this.myservice.serviceproperty);
      this.myservice.serviceproperty = "component created"; // value is changed.
      this.componentproperty = this.myservice.serviceproperty;
   }
}

We will now fetch the variable and work on the console.log. In the next pne, we will change the value of the variable to "component created". We will do the same in new-cmp.component.ts.

import { Component, OnInit } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./../myservice.service ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-new-cmp ,
   templateUrl:  ./new-cmp.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./new-cmp.component.css ]
})
export class NewCmpComponent implements OnInit {
   todaydate;
   newcomponentproperty;
   newcomponent = "Entered in newcomponent";
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) {}
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
      this.newcomponentproperty = this.myservice.serviceproperty;
   }
}

In the above component, we are not changing anything but directly assigning the property to the component property.

Now when you execute it in the browser, the service property will be changed since the value of it is changed in app.component.ts and the same will be displayed for the new-cmp.component.ts.

Also check the value in the console before it is changed.

Angular 6 - Http Service

Http Service will help us fetch external data, post to it, etc. We need to import the http module to make use of the http service. Let us consider an example to understand how to make use of the http service.

To start using the http service, we need to import the module in app.module.ts as shown below −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;
import { HttpModule } from  @angular/http ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      BrowserAnimationsModule,
      HttpModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

If you see the highpghted code, we have imported the HttpModule from @angular/http and the same is also added in the imports array.

Let us now use the http service in the app.component.ts.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { Http } from  @angular/http ;
import  rxjs/add/operator/map ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: Http) { }
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users").
      map((response) ⇒ response.json()).
      subscribe((data) ⇒ console.log(data))
   }
}

Let us understand the code highpghted above. We need to import http to make use of the service, which is done as follows −

import { Http } from  @angular/http ;

In the class AppComponent, a constructor is created and the private variable http of type Http. To fetch the data, we need to use the get API available with http as follows

this.http.get();

It takes the url to be fetched as the parameter as shown in the code.

We will use the test url − https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users to fetch the json data. Two operations are performed on the fetched url data map and subscribe. The Map method helps to convert the data to json format. To use the map, we need to import the same as shown below −

import {map} from  rxjs/operators ;

Once the map is done, the subscribe will log the output in the console as shown in the browser −

If you see, the json objects are displayed in the console. The objects can be displayed in the browser too.

For the objects to be displayed in the browser, update the codes in app.component.html and app.component.ts as follows −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { Http } from  @angular/http ;
import { map} from  rxjs/operators ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: Http) { }
   httpdata;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users")
      .pipe(map((response) => response.json()))
      .subscribe((data) => this.displaydata(data));     
   }
   displaydata(data) {this.httpdata = data;}
}

In app.component.ts, using the subscribe method we will call the display data method and pass the data fetched as the parameter to it.

In the display data method, we will store the data in a variable httpdata. The data is displayed in the browser using for over this httpdata variable, which is done in the app.component.html file.

<ul *ngFor = "let data of httpdata">
   <p>Name : {{data.name}} Address: {{data.address.city}}</p>
</ul>

The json object is as follows −

{
   "id": 1,
   "name": "Leanne Graham",
   "username": "Bret",
   "email": "Sincere@april.biz",
   
   "address": {
      "street": "Kulas Light",
      "suite": "Apt. 556",
      "city": "Gwenborough",
      "zipcode": "92998-3874",
      "geo": {
         "lat": "-37.3159",
         "lng": "81.1496"
      }
   },
   
   "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",
   "website": "hildegard.org",
   "company": {
      "name": "Romaguera-Crona",
      "catchPhrase": "Multi-layered cpent-server neural-net",
      "bs": "harness real-time e-markets"
   }
}

The object has properties such as id, name, username, email, and address that internally has street, city, etc. and other details related to phone, website, and company. Using the for loop, we will display the name and the city details in the browser as shown in the app.component.html file.

This is how the display is shown in the browser −

Let us now add the search parameter, which will filter based on specific data. We need to fetch the data based on the search param passed.

Following are the changes done in app.component.html and app.component.ts files −

app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { Http } from  @angular/http ;
import { map} from  rxjs/operators ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: Http) { }
   httpdata;
   name;
   searchparam = 2;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users?id="+this.searchparam)
      .pipe(map((response) => response.json()))
      .subscribe((data) => this.displaydata(data));     
   }
   displaydata(data) {this.httpdata = data;}
}

For the get api, we will add the search param id = this.searchparam. The searchparam is equal to 2. We need the details of id = 2 from the json file.

This is how the browser is displayed −

We have consoled the data in the browser, which is received from the http. The same is displayed in the browser console. The name from the json with id = 2 is displayed in the browser.

Angular 6 - Http Cpent

HttpCpent is introduced in Angular 6 and it will help us fetch external data, post to it, etc. We need to import the http module to make use of the http service. Let us consider an example to understand how to make use of the http service.

To start using the http service, we need to import the module in app.module.ts as shown below −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;
import { HttpCpentModule } from  @angular/common/http ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      BrowserAnimationsModule,
      HttpCpentModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

If you see the highpghted code, we have imported the HttpCpentModule from @angular/common/http and the same is also added in the imports array.

Let us now use the http cpent in the app.component.ts.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { HttpCpent } from  @angular/common/http ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: HttpCpent) { }
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users").
      subscribe((data) ⇒ console.log(data))
   }
}

Let us understand the code highpghted above. We need to import http to make use of the service, which is done as follows −

import { HttpCpent } from  @angular/common/http ;

In the class AppComponent, a constructor is created and the private variable http of type Http. To fetch the data, we need to use the get API available with http as follows

this.http.get();

It takes the url to be fetched as the parameter as shown in the code.

We will use the test url − https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users to fetch the json data. The subscribe will log the output in the console as shown in the browser −

If you see, the json objects are displayed in the console. The objects can be displayed in the browser too.

For the objects to be displayed in the browser, update the codes in app.component.html and app.component.ts as follows −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { HttpCpent } from  @angular/common/http ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: HttpCpent) { }
   httpdata;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users")
      .subscribe((data) => this.displaydata(data));     
   }
   displaydata(data) {this.httpdata = data;}
}

In app.component.ts, using the subscribe method we will call the display data method and pass the data fetched as the parameter to it.

In the display data method, we will store the data in a variable httpdata. The data is displayed in the browser using for over this httpdata variable, which is done in the app.component.html file.

<ul *ngFor = "let data of httpdata">
   <p>Name : {{data.name}} Address: {{data.address.city}}</p>
</ul>

The json object is as follows −

{
   "id": 1,
   "name": "Leanne Graham",
   "username": "Bret",
   "email": "Sincere@april.biz",
   
   "address": {
      "street": "Kulas Light",
      "suite": "Apt. 556",
      "city": "Gwenborough",
      "zipcode": "92998-3874",
      "geo": {
         "lat": "-37.3159",
         "lng": "81.1496"
      }
   },
   
   "phone": "1-770-736-8031 x56442",
   "website": "hildegard.org",
   "company": {
      "name": "Romaguera-Crona",
      "catchPhrase": "Multi-layered cpent-server neural-net",
      "bs": "harness real-time e-markets"
   }
}

The object has properties such as id, name, username, email, and address that internally has street, city, etc. and other details related to phone, website, and company. Using the for loop, we will display the name and the city details in the browser as shown in the app.component.html file.

This is how the display is shown in the browser −

Let us now add the search parameter, which will filter based on specific data. We need to fetch the data based on the search param passed.

Following are the changes done in app.component.html and app.component.ts files −

app.component.ts

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { HttpCpent } from  @angular/common/http ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   constructor(private http: HttpCpent) { }
   httpdata;
   name;
   searchparam = 2;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.http.get("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users?id="+this.searchparam)
      .subscribe((data) => this.displaydata(data));     
   }
   displaydata(data) {this.httpdata = data;}
}

For the get api, we will add the search param id = this.searchparam. The searchparam is equal to 2. We need the details of id = 2 from the json file.

This is how the browser is displayed −

We have consoled the data in the browser, which is received from the http. The same is displayed in the browser console. The name from the json with id = 2 is displayed in the browser.

Angular 6 - Forms

In this chapter, we will see how forms are used in Angular 6. We will discuss two ways of working with forms - template driven form and model driven forms.

Template Driven Form

With a template driven form, most of the work is done in the template; and with the model driven form, most of the work is done in the component class.

Let us now consider working on the Template driven form. We will create a simple login form and add the email id, password and submit the button in the form. To start with, we need to import to FormsModule from @angular/core which is done in app.module.ts as follows −

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { RouterModule} from  @angular/router ;
import { HttpModule } from  @angular/http ;
import { FormsModule } from  @angular/forms ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
import { SqrtPipe } from  ./app.sqrt ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      SqrtPipe,
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      HttpModule,
      FormsModule,
      RouterModule.forRoot([
         {path:  new-cmp ,component: NewCmpComponent}
      ])
   ],
   providers: [MyserviceService],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

So in app.module.ts, we have imported the FormsModule and the same is added in the imports array as shown in the highpghted code.

Let us now create our form in the app.component.html file.

<form #userlogin = "ngForm" (ngSubmit) = "onCpckSubmit(userlogin.value)" >
   <input type = "text" name = "emaipd" placeholder = "emaipd" ngModel>
   <br/>
   <input type = "password" name = "passwd" placeholder = "passwd" ngModel>
   <br/>
   <input type = "submit" value = "submit">
</form>

We have created a simple form with input tags having email id, password and the submit button. We have assigned type, name, and placeholder to it.

In template driven forms, we need to create the model form controls by adding the ngModel directive and the name attribute. Thus, wherever we want Angular to access our data from forms, add ngModel to that tag as shown above. Now, if we have to read the emaipd and passwd, we need to add the ngModel across it.

If you see, we have also added the ngForm to the #userlogin. The ngForm directive needs to be added to the form template that we have created. We have also added function onCpckSubmit and assigned userlogin.value to it.

Let us now create the function in the app.component.ts and fetch the values entered in the form.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   componentproperty;
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) { }
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
   }
   onCpckSubmit(data) {
      alert("Entered Email id : " + data.emaipd);
   }
}

In the above app.component.ts file, we have defined the function onCpckSubmit. When you cpck on the form submit button, the control will come to the above function.

This is how the browser is displayed −

The form looks pke as shown below. Let us enter the data in it and in the submit function, the email id is already entered.

The email id is displayed at the bottom as shown in the above screenshot.

Model Driven Form

In the model driven form, we need to import the ReactiveFormsModule from @angular/forms and use the same in the imports array.

There is a change which goes in app.module.ts.

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { RouterModule} from  @angular/router ;
import { HttpModule } from  @angular/http ;
import { ReactiveFormsModule } from  @angular/forms ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
import { NewCmpComponent } from  ./new-cmp/new-cmp.component ;
import { ChangeTextDirective } from  ./change-text.directive ;
import { SqrtPipe } from  ./app.sqrt ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      SqrtPipe,
      AppComponent,
      NewCmpComponent,
      ChangeTextDirective
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      HttpModule,
      ReactiveFormsModule,
      RouterModule.forRoot([
         {
            path:  new-cmp ,
            component: NewCmpComponent
         }
      ])
   ],
   providers: [MyserviceService],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

In app.component.ts, we need to import a few modules for the model driven form. For example, import { FormGroup, FormControl } from @angular/forms .

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { MyserviceService } from  ./myservice.service ;
import { FormGroup, FormControl } from  @angular/forms ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   componentproperty;
   emaipd;
   formdata;
   constructor(private myservice: MyserviceService) { }
   ngOnInit() {
      this.todaydate = this.myservice.showTodayDate();
      this.formdata = new FormGroup({
         emaipd: new FormControl("angular@gmail.com"),
         passwd: new FormControl("abcd1234")
      });
   }
   onCpckSubmit(data) {this.emaipd = data.emaipd;}
}

The variable formdata is initiapzed at the start of the class and the same is initiapzed with FormGroup as shown above. The variables emaipd and passwd are initiapzed with default values to be displayed in the form. You can keep it blank in case you want to.

This is how the values will be seen in the form UI.

We have used formdata to initiapze the form values; we need to use the same in the form UI app.component.html.

<span>
   <form [formGroup] = "formdata" (ngSubmit) = "onCpckSubmit(formdata.value)" >
      <input type = "text" class = "fortextbox" name = "emaipd" placeholder = "emaipd" 
         formControlName="emaipd">
      <br/>
      
      <input type = "password" class = "fortextbox" name="passwd" 
         placeholder = "passwd" formControlName = "passwd">
      <br/>
      
      <input type = "submit" class = "forsubmit" value = "Log In">
   </form>
</span>
<p>
   Email entered is : {{emaipd}}
</p>

In the .html file, we have used formGroup in square bracket for the form; for example, [formGroup]="formdata". On submit, the function is called onCpckSubmit for which formdata.value is passed.

The input tag formControlName is used. It is given a value that we have used in the app.component.ts file.

On cpcking submit, the control will pass to the function onCpckSubmit, which is defined in the app.component.ts file.

On cpcking Login, the value will be displayed as shown in the above screenshot.

Form Vapdation

Let us now discuss form vapdation using model driven form. You can use the built-in form vapdation or also use the custom vapdation approach. We will use both the approaches in the form. We will continue with the same example that we created in one of our previous sections. With Angular 4, we need to import Vapdators from @angular/forms as shown below −

import { FormGroup, FormControl, Vapdators} from  @angular/forms 

Angular has built-in vapdators such as mandatory field, minlength, maxlength, and pattern. These are to be accessed using the Vapdators module.

You can just add vapdators or an array of vapdators required to tell Angular if a particular field is mandatory.

Let us now try the same on one of the input textboxes, i.e., email id. For the email id, we have added the following vapdation parameters −

Required

Pattern matching

This is how a code undergoes vapdation in app.component.ts.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { FormGroup, FormControl, Vapdators} from  @angular/forms ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   componentproperty;
   emaipd;
   formdata;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.formdata = new FormGroup({
         emaipd: new FormControl("", Vapdators.compose([
            Vapdators.required,
            Vapdators.pattern("[^ @]*@[^ @]*")
         ])),
         passwd: new FormControl("")
      });
   }
   onCpckSubmit(data) {this.emaipd = data.emaipd;}
}

In Vapdators.compose, you can add the pst of things you want to vapdate on the input field. Right now, we have added the required and the pattern matching parameters to take only vapd email.

In the app.component.html, the submit button is disabled if any of the form inputs are not vapd. This is done as follows −

<span>
   <form [formGroup] = "formdata" (ngSubmit) = "onCpckSubmit(formdata.value)" >
      <input type = "text" class = "fortextbox" name = "emaipd" placeholder = "emaipd" 
         formControlName = "emaipd">
      <br/>
      <input type = "password" class = "fortextbox" name = "passwd" 
         placeholder = "passwd" formControlName = "passwd">
      <br/>
      <input type = "submit" [disabled] = "!formdata.vapd" class = "forsubmit" 
         value = "Log In">
   </form>
</span>
<p>
   Email entered is : {{emaipd}}
</p>

For the submit button, we have added disabled in the square bracket, which is given value - !formdata.vapd. Thus, if the formdata.vapd is not vapd, the button will remain disabled and the user will not be able to submit it.

Let us see the how this works in the browser −

In the above case, the email id entered is invapd, hence the login button is disabled. Let us now try entering the vapd email id and see the difference.

Now, the email id entered is vapd. Thus, we can see the login button is enabled and the user will be able to submit it. With this, the email id entered is displayed at the bottom.

Let us now try custom vapdation with the same form. For custom vapdation, we can define our own custom function and add the required details in it. We will now see an example for the same.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { FormGroup, FormControl, Vapdators} from  @angular/forms ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   title =  Angular 6 Project! ;
   todaydate;
   componentproperty;
   emaipd;
   formdata;
   ngOnInit() {
      this.formdata = new FormGroup({
         emaipd: new FormControl("", Vapdators.compose([
            Vapdators.required,
            Vapdators.pattern("[^ @]*@[^ @]*")
         ])),
         passwd: new FormControl("", this.passwordvapdation)
      });
   }
   passwordvapdation(formcontrol) {
      if (formcontrol.value.length < 5) {
         return {"passwd" : true};
      }
   }
   onCpckSubmit(data) {this.emaipd = data.emaipd;}
}

In the above example, we have created a function password vapdation and the same is used in a previous section in the formcontrol − passwd: new FormControl("", this.passwordvapdation).

In the function that we have created, we will check if the length of the characters entered is appropriate. If the characters are less than five, it will return with the passwd true as shown above - return {"passwd" : true};. If the characters are more than five, it will consider it as vapd and the login will be enabled.

Let us now see how this is displayed in the browser −

We have entered only three characters in the password and the login is disabled. To enable login, we need more than five characters. Let us now enter a vapd length of characters and check.

The login is enabled as both the email id and the password are vapd. The email is displayed at the bottom as we log in.

Angular 6 - Animations

Animations add a lot of interaction between the html elements. Animation was also available with Angular2. The difference with Angular 6 is that animation is no more a part of the @angular/core pbrary, but is a separate package that needs to be imported in app.module.ts.

To start with, we need to import the pbrary as follows −

import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;

The BrowserAnimationsModule needs to be added to the import array in app.module.ts as shown below −

app.module.ts

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      BrowserAnimationsModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

In app.component.html, we have added the html elements, which are to be animated.

<span>
   <button (cpck) = "animate()">Cpck Me</button>
   <span [@myanimation] = "state" class = "rotate">
      <img src = "assets/images/img.png" width = "100" height = "100">
   </span>
</span>

For the main span, we have added a button and a span with an image. There is a cpck event for which the animate function is called. And for the span, the @myanimation directive is added and given the value as state.

Let us now see the app.component.ts where the animation is defined.

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
import { trigger, state, style, transition, animate } from  @angular/animations ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ],
   styles:[`
      span{
         margin: 0 auto;
         text-apgn: center;
         width:200px;
      }
      .rotate{
         width:100px;
         height:100px;
         border:sopd 1px red;
      }
   `],
   animations: [
      trigger( myanimation ,[
         state( smaller ,style({
            transform :  translateY(100px) 
         })),
         state( larger ,style({
            transform :  translateY(0px) 
         })),
         transition( smaller <=> larger ,animate( 300ms ease-in ))
      ])
   ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   state: string = "smaller";
   animate() {
      this.state= this.state ==  larger  ?  smaller  :  larger ;
   }
}

We have to import the animation function that is to be used in the .ts file as shown above.

import { trigger, state, style, transition, animate } from  @angular/animations ;

Here we have imported trigger, state, style, transition, and animate from @angular/animations.

Now, we will add the animations property to the @Component () decorator −

animations: [
   trigger( myanimation ,[
      state( smaller ,style({
         transform :  translateY(100px) 
      })),
      state( larger ,style({
         transform :  translateY(0px) 
      })),
      transition( smaller <=> larger ,animate( 300ms ease-in ))
   ])
]

Trigger defines the start of the animation. The first param to it is the name of the animation to be given to the html tag to which the animation needs to be appped. The second param are the functions we have imported - state, transition, etc.

The state function involves the animation steps, which the element will transition between. Right now we have defined two states, smaller and larger. For smaller state, we have given the style transform:translateY(100px) and transform:translateY(100px).

Transition function adds animation to the html element. The first argument takes the states, i.e., start and end; the second argument accepts the animate function. The animate function allows you to define the length, delay, and easing of a transition.

Let us now see the .html file to see how the transition function works

<span>
   <button (cpck) = "animate()">Cpck Me</button>
   <span [@myanimation] = "state" class="rotate">
      <img src = "assets/images/img.png" width = "100" height = "100">
   </span>
</span>

There is a style property added in the @component directive, which centrally apgns the span. Let us consider the following example to understand the same −

styles:[`
   span{
      margin: 0 auto;
      text-apgn: center;
      width:200px;
   }
   .rotate{
      width:100px;
      height:100px;
      border:sopd 1px red;
   }
`],

Here, a special character [``] is used to add styles to the html element, if any. For the span, we have given the animation name defined in the app.component.ts file.

On the cpck of a button it calls the animate function, which is defined in the app.component.ts file as follows −

export class AppComponent {
   state: string = "smaller";
   animate() {
      this.state= this.state == ‘larger’?  smaller  :  larger ;
   }
}

The state variable is defined and is given the default value as smaller. The animate function changes the state on cpck. If the state is larger, it will convert to smaller; and if smaller, it will convert to larger.

This is how the output in the browser (http://localhost:4200/) will look pke −

Upon cpcking the Cpck Me button, the position of the image is changed as shown in the following screenshot −

The transform function is appped in the y direction, which is changed from 0 to 100px when the Cpck Me button is cpcked. The image is stored in the assets/images folder.

Angular 6 - Materials

Materials offer a lot of built-in modules for your project. Features such as autocomplete, datepicker, spder, menus, grids, and toolbar are available for use with materials in Angular 6.

To use materials, we need to import the package. Angular 2 also has all the above features but they are available as part of the @angular/core module. Angular 6 has come up with a separate module @angular/materials.. This helps the user to import the required materials.

To start using materials, you need to install two packages - materials and cdk. Material components depend on the animation module for advanced features, hence you need the animation package for the same, i.e., @angular/animations. The package has already been updated in the previous chapter.

npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk

Let us now see the package.json. @angular/material and @angular/cdk are installed.

{
  "name": "angular6-app",
  "version": "0.0.0",
  "scripts": {
      "ng": "ng",
      "start": "ng serve",
      "build": "ng build",
      "test": "ng test",
      "pnt": "ng pnt",
      "e2e": "ng e2e"
   },
   "private": true, "dependencies": {
      "@angular/animations": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/cdk": "^6.4.7",
      "@angular/common": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/compiler": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/core": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/forms": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/http": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/material": "^6.4.7",
      "@angular/platform-browser": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/platform-browser-dynamic": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/router": "^6.1.0",
      "core-js": "^2.5.4",
      "rxjs": "^6.0.0",
      "zone.js": "~0.8.26"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
      "@angular-devkit/build-angular": "~0.7.0",
      "@angular/cp": "~6.1.3",
      "@angular/compiler-cp": "^6.1.0",
      "@angular/language-service": "^6.1.0",
      "@types/jasmine": "~2.8.6",
      "@types/jasminewd2": "~2.0.3",
      "@types/node": "~8.9.4",
      "codelyzer": "~4.2.1",
      "jasmine-core": "~2.99.1",
      "jasmine-spec-reporter": "~4.2.1",
      "karma": "~1.7.1",
      "karma-chrome-launcher": "~2.2.0",
      "karma-coverage-istanbul-reporter": "~2.0.0",
      "karma-jasmine": "~1.1.1",
      "karma-jasmine-html-reporter": "^0.2.2",
      "protractor": "~5.3.0",
      "ts-node": "~5.0.1",
      "tspnt": "~5.9.1",
      "typescript": "~2.7.2"
   }
}

We have highpghted the packages that are installed to work with materials.

We will now import the modules in the parent module − app.module.ts as shown below.

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;
import { MatButtonModule, MatMenuModule, MatSidenavModule } from  @angular/material ;
import { FormsModule } from  @angular/forms ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      BrowserAnimationsModule,
      MatButtonModule,
      MatMenuModule,
      FormsModule,
      MatSidenavModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

In the above file, we have imported the following modules from @angular/materials.

import { MatButtonModule, MatMenuModule, MatSidenavModule } from  @angular/material ;

And the same is used in the imports array as shown below −

imports: [
   BrowserModule,
   BrowserAnimationsModule,
   MatButtonModule,
   MatMenuModule,
   FormsModule,
   MatSidenavModule
]

The app.component.ts is as shown below −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   myData: Array<any>;
   constructor() {}
}

Let us now add the material-css support in styles.css.

@import "~@angular/material/prebuilt-themes/indigo-pink.css";

Let us now add the material in app.component.html.

<button mat-button [matMenuTriggerFor] = "menu">Menu</button>
<mat-menu #menu = "matMenu">
   <button mat-menu-item>
      File
   </button>
   <button mat-menu-item>
      Save As
   </button>
</mat-menu>
<mat-sidenav-container class = "example-container">
   <mat-sidenav #sidenav class = "example-sidenav">
      Angular 6
   </mat-sidenav>
   <span class = "example-sidenav-content">
      <button type = "button" mat-button  (cpck) = "sidenav.open()">
         Open sidenav
      </button>
   </span>
</mat-sidenav-container>

In the above file, we have added Menu and SideNav.

Menu

To add menu, <mat-menu></mat-menu> is used. The file and Save As items are added to the button under mat-menu. There is a main button added Menu. The reference of the same is given the <mat-menu> by using [matMenuTriggerFor]="menu" and using the menu with # in <mat-menu>.

SideNav

To add sidenav, we need <mat-sidenav-container></mat-sidenav-container>. <mat-sidenav></mat-sidenav> is added as a child to the container. There is another span added, which triggers the sidenav by using (cpck)="sidenav.open()". Following is the display of the menu and the sidenav in the browser −

Upon cpcking opensidenav, it shows the side bar as shown below −

Upon cpcking Menu, you will get two items File and Save As as shown below −

Let us now add a datepicker using materials. To add a datepicker, we need to import the modules required to show the datepicker.

In app.module.ts, we have imported the following module as shown below for datepicker.

import { BrowserModule } from  @angular/platform-browser ;
import { NgModule } from  @angular/core ;
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from  @angular/platform-browser/animations ;
import { MatDatepickerModule, MatInputModule, MatNativeDateModule } from  @angular/material ;
import { FormsModule } from  @angular/forms ;
import { AppComponent } from  ./app.component ;
@NgModule({
   declarations: [
      AppComponent
   ],
   imports: [
      BrowserModule,
      BrowserAnimationsModule,
      FormsModule,
      MatDatepickerModule,
      MatInputModule,
      MatNativeDateModule
   ],
   providers: [],
   bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

Here, we have imported modules such as MatDatepickerModule, MatInputModule, and MatNativeDateModule.

Now, the app.component.ts is as shown below −

import { Component } from  @angular/core ;
@Component({
   selector:  app-root ,
   templateUrl:  ./app.component.html ,
   styleUrls: [ ./app.component.css ]
})
export class AppComponent {
   myData: Array<any>;
   constructor() {}
}

The app.component.html is as shown below −

<mat-form-field>
   <input matInput [matDatepicker] = "picker" placeholder = "Choose a date">
   <mat-datepicker-toggle matSuffix [for] = "picker"></mat-datepicker-toggle>
   <mat-datepicker #picker></mat-datepicker>
</mat-form-field>

This is how the datepicker is displayed in the browser.

Angular 6 - CLI

Angular CLI makes it easy to start with any Angular project. Angular CLI comes with commands that help us create and start on our project very fast. Let us now go through the commands available to create a project, a component and services, change the port, etc.

To work with Angular CLI, we need to have it installed on our system. Let us use the following command for the same −

npm install -g @angular/cp

To create a new project, we can run the following command in the command pne and the project will be created.

ng new PROJECT-NAME
cd PROJECT-NAME
ng serve //

ng serve // will compile and you can see the output of your project in the browser −

http://localhost:4200/

4200 is the default port used when a new project is created. You can change the port with the following command −

ng serve --host 0.0.0.0 --port 4201

The following table psts down a few important commands required while working with Angular 4 projects.

Whenever a new module, a component, or a service is created, the reference of the same is updated in the parent module app.module.ts.