Python - Operators

Python operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands. These are symbols used for the purpose of logical, arithmetic and various other operations.

Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator. In this tutorial, we will study different types of Python operators.

Types of Python Operators

Python language supports the following types of operators.

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison (Relational) Operators

Assignment Operators

Logical Operators

Bitwise Operators

Membership Operators

Identity Operators

Let us have a quick look on all these operators one by one.

Python Arithmetic Operators

Python arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations on numerical values. These operations are Addition, Subtraction, Multippcation, Division, Modulus, Expoents and Floor Division.

Example

Following is an example which shows all the above operations:

a = 21
b = 10

# Addition
print ("a + b : ", a + b)

# Subtraction
print ("a - b : ", a - b)

# Multippcation
print ("a * b : ", a * b)

# Division
print ("a / b : ", a / b)

# Modulus
print ("a % b : ", a % b)

# Exponent
print ("a ** b : ", a ** b)

# Floor Division
print ("a // b : ", a // b)

This produce the following result −

a + b :  31
a - b :  11
a * b :  210
a / b :  2.1
a % b :  1
a ** b :  16679880978201
a // b :  2

Python Comparison Operators

Python comparison operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation among them. They are also called relational operators. These operators are equal, not equal, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to and less than or equal to.

Example

Following is an example which shows all the above comparison operations:

a = 4
b = 5

# Equal
print ("a == b : ", a == b)

# Not Equal
print ("a != b : ", a != b)

# Greater Than
print ("a > b : ", a > b)

# Less Than
print ("a < b : ", a < b)

# Greater Than or Equal to
print ("a >= b : ", a >= b)

# Less Than or Equal to
print ("a <= b : ", a <= b)

This produce the following result −

a == b :  False
a != b :  True
a > b :  False
a < b :  True
a >= b :  False
a <= b :  True

Python Assignment Operators

Python assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. These operators include simple assignment operator, addition assign, subtraction assign, multippcation assign, spanision and assign operators etc.

Example

Following is an example which shows all the above assignment operations:

# Assignment Operator
a = 10

# Addition Assignment
a += 5
print ("a += 5 : ", a)

# Subtraction Assignment
a -= 5
print ("a -= 5 : ", a)

# Multippcation Assignment
a *= 5
print ("a *= 5 : ", a)

# Division Assignment
a /= 5
print ("a /= 5 : ",a)

# Remainder Assignment
a %= 3
print ("a %= 3 : ", a)

# Exponent Assignment
a **= 2
print ("a **= 2 : ", a)

# Floor Division Assignment
a //= 3
print ("a //= 3 : ", a)

This produce the following result −

a += 5 :  105
a -= 5 :  100
a *= 5 :  500
a /= 5 :  100.0
a %= 3 :  1.0
a **= 2 :  1.0
a //= 3 :  0.0

Python Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. Assume if a = 60; and b = 13; Now in the binary format their values will be 0011 1100 and 0000 1101 respectively. Following table psts out the bitwise operators supported by Python language with an example each in those, we use the above two variables (a and b) as operands −

a = 0011 1100

b = 0000 1101

--------------------------

a&b = 12 (0000 1100)

a|b = 61 (0011 1101)

a^b = 49 (0011 0001)

~a  = -61 (1100 0011)

a << 2 = 240 (1111 0000)

a>>2 = 15 (0000 1111)

There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

Example

Following is an example which shows all the above bitwise operations:

a = 60            # 60 = 0011 1100
b = 13            # 13 = 0000 1101

# Binary AND
c = a & b        # 12 = 0000 1100
print ("a & b : ", c)

# Binary OR
c = a | b        # 61 = 0011 1101
print ("a | b : ", c)

# Binary XOR
c = a ^ b        # 49 = 0011 0001
print ("a ^ b : ", c)

# Binary Ones Complement
c = ~a;           # -61 = 1100 0011
print ("~a : ", c)

# Binary Left Shift
c = a << 2;       # 240 = 1111 0000
print ("a << 2 : ", c)

# Binary Right Shift
c = a >> 2;       # 15 = 0000 1111
print ("a >> 2 : ", c)

This produce the following result −

a & b :  12
a | b :  61
a ^ b :  49
~a :  -61
a >> 2 :  240
a >> 2 :  15

Python Logical Operators

There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then

[ Show Example ]

Python Membership Operators

Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings, psts, or tuples. There are two membership operators as explained below −

[ Show Example ]

Python Identity Operators

Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two Identity operators explained below −

[ Show Example ]

Python Operators Precedence

The following table psts all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

[ Show Example ]