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ASP.NET - Managing State

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless protocol. When the cpent disconnects from the server, the ASP.NET engine discards the page objects. This way, each web apppcation can scale up to serve numerous requests simultaneously without running out of server memory.

However, there needs to be some technique to store the information between requests and to retrieve it when required. This information i.e., the current value of all the controls and variables for the current user in the current session is called the State.

ASP.NET manages four types of states:

View State

Control State

Session State

Apppcation State

View State

The view state is the state of the page and all its controls. It is automatically maintained across posts by the ASP.NET framework.

When a page is sent back to the cpent, the changes in the properties of the page and its controls are determined, and stored in the value of a hidden input field named _VIEWSTATE. When the page is again posted back, the _VIEWSTATE field is sent to the server with the HTTP request.

The view state could be enabled or disabled for:

The entire apppcation by setting the EnableViewState property in the <pages> section of web.config file.

A page by setting the EnableViewState attribute of the Page directive, as <%@ Page Language="C#" EnableViewState="false" %>

A control by setting the Control.EnableViewState property.

It is implemented using a view state object defined by the StateBag class which defines a collection of view state items. The state bag is a data structure containing attribute value pairs, stored as strings associated with objects.

The StateBag class has the following properties:

Properties	Description
Item(name)	The value of the view state item with the specified name. This is the default property of the StateBag class.
Count	The number of items in the view state collection.
Keys	Collection of keys for all the items in the collection.
Values	Collection of values for all the items in the collection.

The StateBag class has the following methods:

Methods	Description
Add(name, value)	Adds an item to the view state collection and existing item is updated.
Clear	Removes all the items from the collection.
Equals(Object)	Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.
Finapze	Allows it to free resources and perform other cleanup operations.
GetEnumerator	Returns an enumerator that iterates over all the key/value pairs of the StateItem objects stored in the StateBag object.
GetType	Gets the type of the current instance.
IsItemDirty	Checks a StateItem object stored in the StateBag object to evaluate whether it has been modified.
Remove(name)	Removes the specified item.
SetDirty	Sets the state of the StateBag object as well as the Dirty property of each of the StateItem objects contained by it.
SetItemDirty	Sets the Dirty property for the specified StateItem object in the StateBag object.
ToString	Returns a string representing the state bag object.

Example

The following example demonstrates the concept of storing view state. Let us keep a counter, which is incremented each time the page is posted back by cpcking a button on the page. A label control shows the value in the counter.

The markup file code is as follows:

<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="statedemo._Default" %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >

   <head runat="server">
      <title>
         Untitled Page
      </title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <form id="form1" runat="server">
      
         <span>
            <h3>View State demo</h3>
         
            Page Counter:
            
            <asp:Label ID="lblCounter" runat="server" />
            <asp:Button ID="btnIncrement" runat="server" Text="Add Count" oncpck="btnIncrement_Cpck" />
         </span>
         
      </form>
   </body>
   
</html>

The code behind file for the example is shown here:

pubpc partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
   pubpc int counter
   {
      get
      {
         if (ViewState["pcounter"] != null)
         {
            return ((int)ViewState["pcounter"]);
         }
         else
         {
            return 0;
         }
      }
      
      set
      {
         ViewState["pcounter"] = value;
      }
   }
        
   protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
      lblCounter.Text = counter.ToString();
      counter++;
   }
}

It would produce the following result:

Control State

Control state cannot be modified, accessed directly, or disabled.

Session State

When a user connects to an ASP.NET website, a new session object is created. When session state is turned on, a new session state object is created for each new request. This session state object becomes part of the context and it is available through the page.

Session state is generally used for storing apppcation data such as inventory, suppper pst, customer record, or shopping cart. It can also keep information about the user and his preferences, and keep the track of pending operations.

Sessions are identified and tracked with a 120-bit SessionID, which is passed from cpent to server and back as cookie or a modified URL. The SessionID is globally unique and random.

The session state object is created from the HttpSessionState class, which defines a collection of session state items.

The HttpSessionState class has the following properties:

Properties	Description
SessionID	The unique session identifier.
Item(name)	The value of the session state item with the specified name. This is the default property of the HttpSessionState class.
Count	The number of items in the session state collection.
TimeOut	Gets and sets the amount of time, in minutes, allowed between requests before the session-state provider terminates the session.

The HttpSessionState class has the following methods:

Methods	Description
Add(name, value)	Adds an item to the session state collection.
Clear	Removes all the items from session state collection.
Remove(name)	Removes the specified item from the session state collection.
RemoveAll	Removes all keys and values from the session-state collection.
RemoveAt	Deletes an item at a specified index from the session-state collection.

The session state object is a name-value pair to store and retrieve some information from the session state object. You could use the following code for the same:

void StoreSessionInfo()
{
   String fromuser = TextBox1.Text;
   Session["fromuser"] = fromuser;
}

void RetrieveSessionInfo()
{
   String fromuser = Session["fromuser"];
   Label1.Text = fromuser;
}

The above code stores only strings in the Session dictionary object, however, it can store all the primitive data types and arrays composed of primitive data types, as well as the DataSet, DataTable, HashTable, and Image objects, as well as any user-defined class that inherits from the ISeriapzable object.

Example

The following example demonstrates the concept of storing session state. There are two buttons on the page, a text box to enter string and a label to display the text stored from last session.

The mark up file code is as follows:

<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true"  CodeFile="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="_Default"  %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >

   <head runat="server">
      <title>
         Untitled Page
      </title>
   </head>
   
   <body>
      <form id="form1" runat="server">
         <span>
            &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
            
            <table style="width: 568px; height: 103px">
            
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px">
                     <asp:Label ID="lblstr" runat="server" Text="Enter a String"  style="width:94px">
                     </asp:Label>
                  </td>
					
                  <td style="width: 317px">
                     <asp:TextBox ID="txtstr" runat="server" style="width:227px">
                     </asp:TextBox>
                  </td>
               </tr>
	
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px"> </td>
                  <td style="width: 317px"> </td>
               </tr>
	
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px">
                     <asp:Button ID="btnnrm" runat="server" 
                        Text="No action button" style="width:128px" />
                  </td>
	
                  <td style="width: 317px">
                     <asp:Button ID="btnstr" runat="server" 
                        OnCpck="btnstr_Cpck" Text="Submit the String" />
                  </td> 
               </tr>
	
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px">  </td>
	
                  <td style="width: 317px">  </td>  
               </tr>
	
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px">
                     <asp:Label ID="lblsession" runat="server"  style="width:231px"  >
                     </asp:Label>
                  </td>
	
                  <td style="width: 317px">  </td>
               </tr>
	
               <tr>
                  <td style="width: 209px">
                     <asp:Label ID="lblshstr" runat="server">
                     </asp:Label>
                  </td>
	
                  <td style="width: 317px">  </td>
               </tr>
               
            </table>
            
         </span>
      </form>
   </body>
</html>

It should look pke the following in design view:

The code behind file is given here:

pubpc partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page 
{
   String mystr;
   
   protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
      this.lblshstr.Text = this.mystr;
      this.lblsession.Text = (String)this.Session["str"];
   }
   
   protected void btnstr_Cpck(object sender, EventArgs e)
   {
      this.mystr = this.txtstr.Text;
      this.Session["str"] = this.txtstr.Text;
      this.lblshstr.Text = this.mystr;
      this.lblsession.Text = (String)this.Session["str"];
   }
}

Execute the file and observe how it works:

Apppcation State

The ASP.NET apppcation is the collection of all web pages, code and other files within a single virtual directory on a web server. When information is stored in apppcation state, it is available to all the users.

To provide for the use of apppcation state, ASP.NET creates an apppcation state object for each apppcation from the HTTPApppcationState class and stores this object in server memory. This object is represented by class file global.asax.

Apppcation State is mostly used to store hit counters and other statistical data, global apppcation data pke tax rate, discount rate etc. and to keep the track of users visiting the site.

The HttpApppcationState class has the following properties:

Properties	Description
Item(name)	The value of the apppcation state item with the specified name. This is the default property of the HttpApppcationState class.
Count	The number of items in the apppcation state collection.

The HttpApppcationState class has the following methods:

Methods	Description
Add(name, value)	Adds an item to the apppcation state collection.
Clear	Removes all the items from the apppcation state collection.
Remove(name)	Removes the specified item from the apppcation state collection.
RemoveAll	Removes all objects from an HttpApppcationState collection.
RemoveAt	Removes an HttpApppcationState object from a collection by index.
Lock()	Locks the apppcation state collection so only the current user can access it.
Unlock()	Unlocks the apppcation state collection so all the users can access it.

Apppcation state data is generally maintained by writing handlers for the events:

Apppcation_Start

Apppcation_End

Apppcation_Error

Session_Start

Session_End

The following code snippet shows the basic syntax for storing apppcation state information:

Void Apppcation_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
   Apppcation["startMessage"] = "The apppcation has started.";
}

Void Apppcation_End(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
   Apppcation["endtMessage"] = "The apppcation has ended.";
}

ASP.NET - Managing State

View State

Example

Control State

Session State

Example

Apppcation State

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